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Wed, 18 Nov 2009 19:14:02 -0800 Wed, 18 Nov 2009 19:14:02 -0800 editors@plato.stanford.edu (Stanford Encyclopedia Editor) webmaster@plato.stanford.edu (Webmaster) http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-responsibility/ [Revised entry by Andrew Eshleman on November 18, 2009. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, notes.html] When a person performs or fails to perform a morally significant action, we sometimes think that a particular kind of response is warranted. Praise and blame are perhaps the most obvious forms this reaction might take. For example, one who encounters a car accident may be regarded as worthy of praise for having saved a child from inside the burning car, or alternatively, one may be regarded as... Andrew Eshleman Wed, 18 Nov 2009 19:10:25 -0800 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-responsibility/ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/time-experience/ [Revised entry by Robin Le Poidevin on November 17, 2009. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] We see colours, hear sounds and feel textures. Some aspects of the world, it seems, are perceived through a particular sense. Others, like shape, are perceived through more than one sense. But what sense or senses do we use when perceiving time? It is certainly not associated with one particular sense. In fact, it seems odd to say that we see, hear or touch time passing. And indeed, even if all our... Robin Le Poidevin Tue, 17 Nov 2009 01:34:41 -0800 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/time-experience/ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pythagoras/ [Revised entry by Carl Huffman on November 13, 2009. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] Pythagoras, one of the most famous and controversial ancient Greek philosophers, lived from ca. 570 to ca. 490 BCE. He spent his early years on the island of Samos, off the coast of modern Turkey. At the age of forty, however, he emigrated to the city of Croton in southern Italy and most of his philosophical activity occurred there. Pythagoras wrote nothing, nor were there any detailed accounts... Carl Huffman Fri, 13 Nov 2009 17:27:53 -0800 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pythagoras/ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/personalism/ [New Entry by Thomas D. Williams and Jan Olof Bengtsson on November 12, 2009.] Although it was only in the first half of the twentieth century that the term personalism became known as a designation of philosophical schools and systems, personalist thought had developed throughout the nineteenth century as a reaction to perceived depersonalizing elements in Enlightenment rationalism, pantheism, Hegelian absolute idealism, individualism as well as collectivism in politics, and materialist, psychological, and evolutionary determinism. In its various strains, personalism always underscores... Thomas D. Williams and Jan Olof Bengtsson Thu, 12 Nov 2009 19:58:46 -0800 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/personalism/ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-supertasks/ [Revised entry by Jon Pérez Laraudogoitia on November 11, 2009. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] Supertasks have posed problems for philosophy since the time of Zeno of Elea. The term 'supertask' is new but it designates an idea already present in the formulation of the old motion paradoxes of Zeno, namely the idea of an infinite number of actions performed in a finite amount of time. The main problem lies in deciding what follows from the performance of a supertask. Some philosophers have claimed that what... Jon Pérez Laraudogoitia Wed, 11 Nov 2009 16:35:15 -0800 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-supertasks/ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/socrates/ [Revised entry by Debra Nails on November 7, 2009. Changes to: Main text, notes.html, supplement.html] Constantin Brancusi. Socrates... Debra Nails Sat, 07 Nov 2009 22:10:29 -0800 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/socrates/ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity/ [Revised entry by Harold Noonan on November 7, 2009. Changes to: Bibliography] Much of the debate about identity in recent decades has been about personal identity, and specifically about personal identity over time, but identity generally, and the identity of things of other kinds, have also attracted attention. Various interrelated problems have been at the centre of discussion, but it is fair to say that recent work has focussed particularly on the following areas: the notion of a criterion... Harold Noonan Sat, 07 Nov 2009 21:51:16 -0800 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity/ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/telesio/ [Revised entry by Michaela Boenke on November 4, 2009. Changes to: Bibliography] Bernardino Telesio (1509 - 1588) belongs to a group of independent philosophers of the late Renaissance who left the universities in order to develop philosophical and scientific ideas beyond the restrictions of the Aristotelian-scholastic tradition. Authors in the early modern period referred to these philosophers as 'novateurs' and 'modern'. In contrast to his successors Patrizzi and Campanella,... Michaela Boenke Wed, 04 Nov 2009 15:04:35 -0800 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/telesio/ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-iframes/ [Revised entry by Robert DiSalle on November 4, 2009. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] A "frame of reference" is a standard relative to which motion and rest may be measured; any set of points or objects that are at rest relative to one another enables us, in principle, to describe the relative motions of bodies. A frame of reference is therefore a purely kinematical device, for the geometrical description of motion without regard to the masses or forces involved. A dynamical account of... Robert DiSalle Wed, 04 Nov 2009 14:43:51 -0800 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-iframes/ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ryle/ [Revised entry by Julia Tanney on November 2, 2009. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] Although Gilbert Ryle published on a wide range of topics in philosophy (notably in the history of philosophy and in philosophy of language), including a series of lectures centred on philosophical dilemmas, a series of articles on the concept of thinking, and a book on Plato, The Concept of Mind remains his best known and most important work. Through this work, Ryle is thought to have... Julia Tanney Mon, 02 Nov 2009 15:27:15 -0800 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ryle/ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-classical/ [Revised entry by Stewart Shapiro on November 2, 2009. Changes to: Main text] Typically, a logic consists of a formal or informal language together with a deductive system and/or a model-theoretic semantics. The language is, or corresponds to, a part of a natural language like English or Greek. The deductive system is to capture, codify, or simply record which inferences are correct for the given language, and the semantics is to capture, codify, or record the... Stewart Shapiro Mon, 02 Nov 2009 00:55:46 -0800 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-classical/ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logical-atomism/ [Revised entry by Kevin Klement on October 30, 2009. Changes to: Bibliography] Bertrand Russell (1872 - 1970) described his philosophy as a kind of "logical atomism", by which he meant to endorse both a metaphysical view and a certain methodology for doing philosophy. The metaphysical view amounts to the claim that the world consists of a plurality of independently existing things exhibiting qualities and standing in relations. According to logical atomism, all truths are ultimately... Kevin Klement Fri, 30 Oct 2009 15:21:30 -0800 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logical-atomism/ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/monotheism/ [Revised entry by William Wainwright on October 26, 2009. Changes to: Bibliography] Theists believe that reality's ultimate principle is God - an omnipotent, omniscient, goodness that is the creative ground of everything other than itself. Monotheism is the view that there is only one such God. After a brief discussion of monotheism's historical origins, this entry looks at the five most influential attempts to establish God's uniqueness. We will consider arguments from God's... William Wainwright Mon, 26 Oct 2009 18:32:06 -0800 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/monotheism/ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/james/ [Revised entry by Russell Goodman on October 23, 2009. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, Internet resources] William James was an original thinker in and between the disciplines of physiology, psychology and philosophy. His twelve-hundred page masterwork, The Principles of Psychology (1890), is a rich blend of physiology, psychology, philosophy, and personal reflection that has given us such ideas as "the stream of thought" and the baby's impression of the world "as one great blooming, buzzing confusion" (PP... Russell Goodman Fri, 23 Oct 2009 14:26:29 -0800 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/james/ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/althusser/ [New Entry by William Lewis on October 16, 2009.] Louis Pierre Althusser (1918 - 1990) was one of the most influential Marxist philosophers of the 20th Century. As they seemed to offer a renewal of Marxist thought as well as to render Marxism philosophically respectable, the claims he advanced in the 1960s about Marxist philosophy were discussed and debated worldwide. Due to apparent reversals in his theoretical positions, to the ill-fated facts... William Lewis Fri, 16 Oct 2009 16:06:23 -0800 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/althusser/