1. In some traditions, madness and particularly melancholy, have been valorized, and recently, such disorder is celebrated in a literature on mad pride, as well as in particular first person memoirs (see Rashed forthcoming). Similar acknowledgment is associated with the so-called neuro-diversity model, in contrast to the medical one, within which the manifestations of mental disorder are neither worse, nor better, but merely atypical. (And as Ginger Hoffman has illustrated, no findings from neuroscience can adjudicate between these different conceptions (Hoffman forthcoming).

2. The revised, eleventh edition of the ICD was submitted to the World Health Assembly in June 2018. It will be submitted for adoption by member states in 2019.

3. Somewhat confusingly, the sub-group “neurocognitive disorders” within orthodox classifications still refers to cognitive function narrowly construed (APA 2013: 591).

4. With recent renaming (now, “somatic symptom disorders”), it is required that as well as somatic symptoms, diagnostic criteria include significant mental distress, and observable impairment (APA 2013).

5. That in writing about madness, Aristotle seems to have envisioned something like our contemporary observations is evidenced in references to apparently delusionally-motivated actions: the slave who ate the liver of his fellow, and the man who sacrificed and ate his mother (Nicomachean Ethics, book 7, 1148b25–30, quoted by Harcourt 2013: 49).

6. With debated exceptions, the disorder categories employed today were not recognized before their nineteenth century classification (Berrios & Porter 1995).

7. These emphases on the embodied, embedded and enactive subject, familiar from the feminist theory of the 1980s and 1990s, have echoes in a range of new fields, including ethno-psychiatry (Kirmayer et al. 2015).

8. There are many lines of evidence for this; some of the most persuasive are twin studies which, on average, show that of two identical twins (sharing 100% of their genes), if one meets diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia, for example, there is only a 50% chance that the other twin will also—indicating that genes are not the sole determinants of the presence of schizophrenia (although they seem to play a role because the chance that the non-identical twin will be diagnosed with schizophrenia is lower—around 15%. Similar results have been found for bipolar and depression (Burmeister, McInnis, & Zöllner 2008).

9. Foucault’s account is challenged in Shorter’s history of psychiatry, for example Shorter (1997).

10. A distinctive deportment and bodily mien, for example, associated with familiar pictorial traditions representing melancholy, have been the subject of phenomenological analysis (Jacobs et al. 2014).