Table of Contents (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy/Summer 2006 Edition)

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A

Abelard [Abailard], Peter (Peter King)
Abrabanel, Judah (Aaron Hughes)
abstract objects (Gideon Rosen)
action (George Wilson)
actualism (Christopher Menzel)
Addams, Jane (Maurice Hamington)
Adorno, Theodor (Lambert Zuidervaart)
Aegidius Romanus — see Giles of Rome
Aenesidemus — see skepticism: ancient
aesthetics
- aesthetic judgment (Nick Zangwill)
- Beardsley (Michael Wreen)
- feminist — see feminist (interventions): aesthetics
- French, in the 18th century (Jacques Morizot)
- Goodman (Alessandro Giovannelli)
- Hume — see Hume, David: aesthetics
- Japanese — see Japanese Philosophy: aesthetics
affirmative action (Robert Fullinwider)
African Philosophy
- sage philosophy (Dismas Masolo)
afterlife (William Hasker)
agent-relative vs. agent-neutral reasons — see reasons: agent-neutral vs. agent-relative
agnosticism — see atheism and agnosticism
Agrippa — see skepticism: ancient
Albert of Saxony (Joél Biard)
Albert the Great [= Albertus magnus] (Markus Führer)
Alcmaeon (Carl Huffman)
Alexander of Aphrodisias (Dorothea Frede)
altruism
- biological (Samir Okasha)
Alyngton, Robert (Alessandro Conti)
Ammonius (David Blank)
Ammonius Saccas — see Plotinus
analogy
- medieval theories of (E. Jennifer Ashworth)
analysis (Michael Beaney)
analytic/synthetic distinction (Georges Rey)
anaphora (Jeffrey C. King)
Anaxarchus — see Pyrrho
animal consciousness — see consciousness: animal
animals, moral status of (Lori Gruen)
anomalous monism (Steven Yalowitz)
Anselm, Saint [Anselm of Bec, Anselm of Canterbury] (Thomas Williams)
Antiochus of Ascalon (James Allen)
appearance vs. reality
- epistemological problems of perception — see perception: epistemological problems of
- skepticism — see skepticism
Aquinas, Saint Thomas (Ralph McInerny and John O'Callaghan)
- moral, political, and legal philosophy (John Finnis)
Arcesilaus (Charles Brittain)
Archytas (Carl Huffman)
arete — see ethics: ancient
Aristotelianism
- commentators on Aristotle (Andrea Falcon)
- in the Renaissance (Heinrich Kuhn)
Aristotle, General Topics
- biology (James Lennox)
- ethics (Richard Kraut)
- logic (Robin Smith)
- metaphysics (S. Marc Cohen)
- political theory (Fred Miller)
- psychology (Christopher Shields)
- rhetoric (Christof Rapp)
Aristotle, Special Topics
- causality (Andrea Falcon)
- mathematics (Henry Mendell)
- natural philosophy (Istvan Bodnar)
artifact (Risto Hilpinen)
artificial intelligence
- logic and (Richmond Thomason)
Astell, Mary (Alice Sowaal)
atheism and agnosticism (J. J. C. Smart)
atomism
- ancient (Sylvia Berryman)
atomism, 17th to 20th century (Alan Chalmers)
attributes — see properties
Augustine, Saint (Michael Mendelson)
Auriol [Aureol, Aureoli], Peter (Russell L. Friedman)
Austin, John (Brian Bix)
authority (Tom Christiano)
- legal — see legal obligation and authority
automated reasoning — see reasoning: automated
autonomy
- in moral and political philosophy (John Christman)
- personal (Sarah Buss)
Ayer, Alfred Jules (Graham Macdonald)

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B

Bacon, Francis (Juergen Klein)
Bain, Alexander — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
basing relation, epistemic (Keith Allen Korcz)
Baudrillard, Jean (Douglas Kellner)
Bauer, Bruno (Douglas Moggach)
Bayes' Theorem (James Joyce)
Bayle, Pierre (Thomas M. Lennon)
Beardsley, Monroe C.
- aesthetics — see aesthetics: Beardsley
Beattie, James — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
Beauvoir, Simone de (Debra Bergoffen)
behaviorism (George Graham)
being — see existence
being and becoming — see time
- in modern physics — see space and time: being and becoming in modern physics
Bell's Theorem (Abner Shimony)
Bergson, Henri (Leonard Lawlor and Valentine Moulard)
Berkeley, George (Lisa Downing)
Berlin, Isaiah (Joshua Cherniss and Henry Hardy)
binarium famosissimum [= most famous pair] (Paul Vincent Spade)
biodiversity — see ecology: biodiversity
biology
- conservation — see conservation biology
- molecular — see molecular biology
- notion of self — see self: the biological notion of
- teleological notions in — see teleology: teleological notions in biology
Blair, Hugh — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
Bodin, Jean (Mario Turchetti)
body — see substance
Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus (John Marenbon)
Bonaventure, Saint (Tim Noone and R. E. Houser)
Boolean algebra
- the mathematics of (J. Donald Monk)
Bosanquet, Bernard (William Sweet)
boundary (Achille Varzi)
Boyle, Robert (J. J. MacIntosh)
Bradley, Francis Herbert (Stewart Candlish)
brains in a vat (Tony Brueckner)
Brentano, Franz (Wolfgang Huemer)
- theory of judgement (Johannes Brandl)
Brouwer, Luitzen Egbertus Jan (Mark van Atten)
Brown, Thomas — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
Buber, Martin (Michael Zank)
bundle theory — see substance
Buridan, John [Jean] (Jack Zupko)
Burke, Edmund (Ian Harris)
Burley [Burleigh], Walter (Alessandro Conti)
Burnet, James [Lord Monboddo] — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century

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C

Caird, Edward — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
Callicles and Thrasymachus (Rachel Barney)
Cambridge Platonists (Sarah Hutton)
Campanella, Tommaso (Germana Ernst)
Campbell, George — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
Carneades (James Allen)
Cassirer, Ernst (Michael Friedman)
casuistry — see reasoning: moral
categories (Amie Thomasson)
- medieval theories of (Jorge Gracia and Lloyd Newton)
category theory (Jean-Pierre Marquis)
causation
- backward (Jan Faye)
- causal processes (Phil Dowe)
- counterfactual theories of (Peter Menzies)
- in the law (Antony Honoré)
- and manipulability (James Woodward)
- medieval theories of (Graham White)
- mental — see mental causation
- the metaphysics of (Jonathan Schaffer)
- probabilistic (Christopher Hitchcock)
censorship — see pornography: and censorship
change (Chris Mortensen)
character, moral (Marcia Homiak)
Chatton, Walter (Rondo Keele)
childhood, the philosophy of (Gareth Matthews)
children, philosophy for (Michael Pritchard)
Chinese room argument (David Cole)
Christian theology, philosophy and (Michael Murray)
Church-Turing Thesis (B. Jack Copeland)
Church's Thesis — see Church-Turing Thesis
civic humanism (Athanasios Moulakis)
civil rights (Andrew Altman)
Clarke, Samuel (Ezio Vailati)
Clement of Alexandria — see doxography of ancient philosophy
Cockburn, Catharine Trotter (Patricia Sheridan)
coercion (Scott Anderson)
cognitive science (Paul Thagard)
cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism, moral (Mark van Roojen)
Collingwood, Robin George (Giuseppina D'Oro)
Collins, Anthony (William Uzgalis)
colonialism (Margaret Kohn)
color (Barry Maund)
common knowledge (Peter Vanderschraaf and Giacomo Sillari)
communitarianism (Daniel Bell)
comparative philosophy
- Chinese and Western (David Wong)
compatibilism (Michael McKenna)
composition, the vagueness of — see many, problem of
compositionality (Zoltán Gendler Szabó)
computability and complexity (Neil Immerman)
computational theory of mind — see mind: computational theory of
computer ethics
- basic concepts and historical overview (Terrell Bynum)
computing
- modern history of (B. Jack Copeland)
- and moral responsibility (Kari Gwen Coleman)
concepts (Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence)
condemnation of 1277 (Hans Thijssen)
Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de (Lorne Falkenstein)
conditionals (Dorothy Edgington)
Confucius (Jeffrey Riegel)
connectionism (James Garson)
conscience
- medieval theories of (Douglas Langston)
consciousness (Robert Van Gulick)
- animal (Colin Allen)
- higher-order theories (Peter Carruthers)
- and intentionality (Charles Siewert)
- representational theories of (William Lycan)
- unity of (Andrew Brook)
consequentialism (Walter Sinnott-Armstrong)
- rule (Brad Hooker)
conservation biology (Sahotra Sarkar)
constitutionalism (Wil Waluchow)
continuant — see change
continuity and infinitesimals (John L. Bell)
contractarianism (Ann Cudd)
Conway, Lady Anne (Sarah Hutton)
Copernicus, Nicolaus (Sheila Rabin)
Cordemoy, Geraud de (Fred Ablondi)
corruption (Seumas Miller)
cosmological argument (Bruce Reichenbach)
cosmology
- methodological debates in the 1930s and 1940s (George Gale)
cosmopolitanism (Pauline Kleingeld and Eric Brown)
counterpart theory — see possible objects
Crathorn, William (Aurélien Robert)
creationism (Michael Ruse)
criminal law, theories of (Antony Duff)
critical theory (James Bohman)
Cudworth, Ralph — see Cambridge Platonists
Culverwell, Nathaniel — see Cambridge Platonists
Curry's paradox (JC Beall)

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D

Damian, Peter (Toivo J. Holopainen)
Dante Alighieri (Winthrop Wetherbee)
Daoism — see Taoism
Darwinism (James Lennox)
David (Christian Wildberg)
Davidson, Donald (Jeff Malpas)
death (Steven Luper)
de Beauvoir, Simone — see Beauvoir, Simone de
Delmedigo, Elijah (Jacob Ross)
Democritus (Sylvia Berryman)
demonstration
- Aristotle's theory of — see Aristotle, General Topics: logic
- medieval theories of (John Longeway)
demonstratives — see indexicals
denotation — see reference
dependence, ontological (E. Jonathan Lowe)
Descartes, René
- epistemology (Lex Newman)
- ethics (Donald Rutherford)
- life and works (Kurt Smith)
- modal metaphysics (David Cunning)
- ontological argument (Lawrence Nolan)
- physics (Edward Slowik)
- and the pineal gland (Gert-Jan Lokhorst)
- theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
descriptions (Peter Ludlow)
desert (Owen McLeod)
Desgabets, Robert (Patricia Easton)
design, argument from — see teleology: teleological arguments for God's existence
determinates vs. determinables (David H. Sanford)
determinism
- causal (Carl Hoefer)
developmental biology
- epigenesis and preformationism (Jane Maienschein)
Dewey, John
- moral philosophy (Elizabeth Anderson)
- political philosophy (Matthew Festenstein)
diagrams (Sun-Joo Shin and Oliver Lemon)
Dialectical School (Susanne Bobzien)
dialetheism [dialethism] (Graham Priest)
Dietrich of Freiberg (Markus Führer)
Diogenes Laertius — see doxography of ancient philosophy
Dionysius the Areopagite — see Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
disjunction (Ray Jennings)
distributive justice — see justice: distributive
diversity
- religious — see religious diversity
divine command theory — see voluntarism, theological
divine illumination (Robert Pasnau)
doing vs. allowing harm (Frances Howard-Snyder)
double effect, doctrine of (Alison McIntyre)
doxography of ancient philosophy (Jaap Mansfeld)
dualism (Howard Robinson)
Dunbar, James — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
Duns Scotus, John (Thomas Williams)

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E

Eckhart, Meister — see Meister Eckhart
ecology (Sahotra Sarkar)
- biodiversity (Daniel P. Faith)
- conservation biology — see conservation biology
economics, philosophy of (Daniel M. Hausman)
economics and economic justice (Marc Fleurbaey)
Edwards, Jonathan (William Wainwright)
egalitarianism (Richard Arneson)
egoism (Robert Shaver)
Einstein, Albert
- the hole argument — see space and time: the hole argument
- philosophy of science (Don A. Howard)
Elias (Christian Wildberg)
emergent properties (Timothy O'Connor and Hong Yu Wong)
Emerson, Ralph Waldo (Russell Goodman)
emotion (Ronald de Sousa)
- 17th and 18th century theories of (Amy M. Schmitter)
- in the Christian tradition (Robert Roberts)
Empedocles (Richard Parry)
empiricism — see rationalism vs. empiricism
entailment — see logical consequence
envy (Justin D'Arms)
Epicurus (David Konstan)
epiphenomenalism (William Robinson)
episteme and techne [= scientific knowledge and expertise] (Richard Parry)
epistemic basing relation — see basing relation, epistemic
epistemic closure principle (Steven Luper)
epistemology (Matthias Steup)
- Bayesian (William Talbott)
- evolutionary (Michael Bradie and William Harms)
- feminist — see feminist (interventions): epistemology and philosophy of science
- moral — see moral epistemology
- naturalized (Richard Feldman)
- social (Alvin Goldman)
- virtue (John Greco)
epsilon calculus (Jeremy Avigad and Richard Zach)
equality (Stefan Gosepath)
- of opportunity (Richard Arneson)
equivalence of mass and energy (Francisco Flores)
Eriugena, John Scottus (Dermot Moran)
eternity (Paul Helm)
ethics
- ancient (Richard Parry)
- computer — see computer ethics: basic concepts and historical overview
- environmental (Andrew Brennan and Yeuk-Sze Lo)
- feminist — see feminist (interventions): ethics
- natural law tradition (Mark Murphy)
- and personal identity — see personal identity: and ethics
- utilitarian — see consequentialism
- virtue (Rosalind Hursthouse)
ethics, applied
- phenomenological approaches to ethics and information technology — see information technology: phenomenological approaches to ethics and
eudaimonia — see ethics: ancient
euthanasia
- voluntary (Robert Young)
events (Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi)
evil, problem of (Michael Tooley)
evolution (Phillip Sloan)
evolutionary game theory — see game theory: evolutionary
existence (Barry Miller)
existentialism (Steven Crowell)
experimentation
- in physics — see physics: experiment in
explanation
- scientific — see scientific explanation
exploitation (Alan Wertheimer)
extrinsic — see intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties

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F

fallacies — see logic: informal
fatalism (Hugh Rice)
federalism (Andreas Føllesdal)
feminism, approaches to (Nancy Tuana)
- analytic philosophy (Ann Garry)
- continental philosophy (Ann J. Cahill)
- intersections between analytic and continental philosophy (Georgia Warnke)
- intersections between pragmatist and continental philosophy (Shannon Sullivan)
- pragmatism (Judy Whipps)
feminism, history of
- Addams, Jane — see Addams, Jane
feminist (interventions)
- aesthetics (Carolyn Korsmeyer)
- bioethics (Anne Donchin)
- epistemology and philosophy of science (Elizabeth Anderson)
- ethics (Rosemarie Tong)
- history of philosophy (Charlotte Witt)
- philosophy of language (Jennifer Saul)
- philosophy of religion (Nancy Frankenberry)
feminist (topics) (Sally Haslanger and Nancy Tuana)
- perspectives on class and work (Ann Ferguson)
- perspectives on power (Amy Allen)
- perspectives on reproduction and the family (Debra Satz)
- perspectives on sex markets (Laurie Shrage)
- perspectives on the self (Diana Meyers)
Ferguson, Adam — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
Ferrier, James — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas (Van A. Harvey)
Feyerabend, Paul (John Preston)
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (Dan Breazeale)
fictionalism
- modal (Daniel Nolan)
fideism (Richard Amesbury)
film, philosophy of (Thomas Wartenberg)
Fitch's paradox of knowability (Berit Brogaard and Joe Salerno)
fitness (Alexander Rosenberg and Frederic Bouchard)
folk psychology
- as mental simulation (Robert M. Gordon)
- as a theory (Ian Ravenscroft)
foreknowledge, divine — see free will: divine foreknowledge and
Forms [Platonic] — see Plato: middle period metaphysics and epistemology
Foucault, Michel (Gary Gutting)
four dimensionalism — see temporal parts
frame problem (Murray Shanahan)
Francis of Marchia (Christopher Schabel)
freedom
- divine (William Rowe)
- of speech (David van Mill)
free rider problem (Russell Hardin)
free will (Timothy O'Connor)
- (nondeterministic) theories of — see incompatibilism: (nondeterministic) theories of free will
- divine foreknowledge and (Linda Zagzebski)
Frege, Gottlob (Edward N. Zalta)
- logic, theorem, and foundations for arithmetic (Edward N. Zalta)
friendship (Bennett Helm)
function
- in biology — see teleology: teleological notions in biology
- recursive (Piergiorgio Odifreddi)
functionalism (Janet Levin)
future contingents
- medieval theories of (Simo Knuuttila)

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G

Gadamer, Hans-Georg (Jeff Malpas)
Galileo Galilei (Peter Machamer)
game theory (Don Ross)
- and ethics (Bruno Verbeek and Christopher Morris)
- evolutionary (J. McKenzie Alexander)
Gassendi, Pierre (Saul Fisher)
gene (Hans-Jörg Rheinberger and Staffan Müller-Wille)
generalized quantifiers (Dag Westerståhl)
general relativity
- early philosophical interpretations of (Thomas A. Ryckman)
genetics
- evolutionary (Michael Wade)
- genotype/phenotype distinction (Richard Lewontin)
geometry
- finitism in (Jean-Paul Van Bendegem)
- in the 19th century (Roberto Torretti)
Gerard, Alexander — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
German Philosophy
- in the 18th century, prior to Kant (Brigitte Sassen)
Gersonides (Tamar Rudavsky)
Giles of Rome (Roberto Lambertini)
given, the — see justification, epistemic: foundationalist theories of
globalization (William Scheuerman)
God
- and other necessary beings (Matthew Davidson)
God, arguments for belief in
- pragmatic — see pragmatic arguments for belief in God
God, arguments for the existence of
- cosmological — see cosmological argument
- Descartes' ontological — see Descartes, René: ontological argument
- moral arguments (Peter Byrne)
- ontological — see ontological arguments
- teleological — see teleology: teleological arguments for God's existence
Godfrey of Fontaines (John Wippel)
Godwin, William (Mark Philp)
Goodman, Nelson
- aesthetics — see aesthetics: Goodman
Green, Thomas Hill (Colin Tyler)
Gregory of Rimini (Christopher Schabel)
Grice, Paul (Richard E. Grandy and Richard Warner)
Grotius, Hugo (Jon Miller)

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H

haecceity — see substance
- medieval theories of (Richard Cross)
Hamann, Johann Georg (Gwen Griffith-Dickson)
Hamilton, William — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
Hartley, David (Richard Allen)
Hartshorne, Charles (Dan Dombrowski)
heaven and hell (Jonathan Kvanvig)
hedonism (Andrew Moore)
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (Paul Redding)
hell — see heaven and hell
Herder, Johann Gottfried von (Michael Forster)
heredity and heritability (Stephen M. Downes)
hermeneutics (Bjørn Ramberg and Kristin Gjesdal)
Heytesbury, William (John Longeway)
Hilbert, David
- program in the foundations of mathematics (Richard Zach)
Hobbes, Thomas
- moral and political philosophy (Sharon A. Lloyd)
- theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
Holbach, Paul-Henri Thiry (Baron) d' (Michael LeBuffe)
holes (Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi)
Holkot [Holcot], Robert (Hester Gelber)
Home, Henry [Lord Kames] — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
homosexuality (Brent Pickett)
humanism
- civic — see civic humanism
human rights — see rights: human
Hume, David (William Edward Morris)
- aesthetics (Ted Gracyk)
- moral philosophy (Rachel Cohon)
- on religion (Paul Russell)
- theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
Husserl, Edmund (Christian Beyer)
Hutcheson, Francis — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
- theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
Hutton, James — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
hybrid logic — see logic: hybrid

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I

Ibn Tibbon, Samuel — see Tibbon, Samuel Ibn
identity (Harold Noonan)
- of indiscernibles (Peter Forrest)
- over time (Andre Gallois)
- personal — see personal identity
- relative (Harry Deutsch)
identity politics (Cressida Heyes)
identity theory of mind (J. J. C. Smart)
idiolects (Alex Barber)
imagery, mental — see mental imagery
imitation game — see Turing test
immortality — see afterlife
immunology, philosophy of — see self: the biological notion of
immutability (Brian Leftow)
impartiality (Troy Jollimore)
implicature (Wayne Davis)
incompatibilism
- (nondeterministic) theories of free will (Randolph Clarke)
- arguments for (Kadri Vihvelin)
indexicals (David Braun)
individualism, methodological (Joseph Heath)
inductive logic — see logic: inductive
inequality — see equality
inertial systems — see space and time: inertial frames
infinitesimals — see continuity and infinitesimals
informal logic — see logic: informal
information
- semantic conceptions of (Luciano Floridi)
information technology
- phenomenological approaches to ethics and (Lucas Introna)
Ingarden, Roman (Amie Thomasson)
inherence — see substance
insolubles [= insolubilia] (Paul Vincent Spade)
integrity (Damian Cox, Marguerite La Caze, and Michael Levine)
intelligent design, theory of — see creationism
intensional transitive verbs (Graeme Forbes)
intentionality (Pierre Jacob)
- consciousness and — see consciousness: and intentionality
- in ancient philosophy (Victor Caston)
intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties (Brian Weatherson)
inverted qualia — see qualia: inverted

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J

Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich (George di Giovanni)
James, William (Russell Goodman)
Japanese Philosophy
- aesthetics (Graham Parkes)
- Kyoto School (Bret W. Davis)
- Nishida Kitarô — see Nishida Kitarô
- Watsuji Tetsurô — see Watsuji Tetsurô
Jaspers, Karl (Chris Thornhill)
John of Salisbury (Kevin Guilfoy)
judgment
- aesthetic — see aesthetics: aesthetic judgment
justice
- distributive (Julian Lamont)
- intergenerational (Lukas Meyer)
- international (Michael Blake)
- as a virtue (Michael Slote)
justification, epistemic
- coherentist theories of (Jonathan Kvanvig)
- foundationalist theories of (Richard Fumerton)
- internalist vs. externalist conceptions of (George Pappas)
justification, political
- public (Fred D'Agostino)

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K

Kant, Immanuel
- aesthetics and teleology (Hannah Ginsborg)
- critique of metaphysics (Michelle Grier)
- and Leibniz (Catherine Wilson)
- moral philosophy (Robert Johnson)
- philosophical development (Martin Schönfeld)
- philosophy of religion (Philip Rossi)
- philosophy of science (Eric Watkins)
- theory of judgment (Robert Hanna)
- view of mind and consciousness of self (Andrew Brook)
Kaspi, Joseph (Hannah Kasher)
Kierkegaard, Søren (William McDonald)
killing vs. letting die — see doing vs. allowing harm
Kilvington, Richard (Elzbieta Jung)
knowledge
- analysis of (Matthias Steup)
- by acquaintance vs. description (Richard Fumerton)
- self- — see self-knowledge
Kochen-Specker theorem — see quantum mechanics: Kochen-Specker theorem
Kuhn, Thomas (Alexander Bird)

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L

Lange, Friedrich Albert (Nadeem J. Z. Hussain)
language of thought hypothesis (Murat Aydede)
Laozi (Alan Chan)
law
- and ideology (Christine Sypnowich)
- and language (Timothy Endicott)
- limits of — see limits of law
laws of nature (John W. Carroll)
learning theory, formal (Oliver Schulte)
legal obligation and authority (Leslie Green)
legal philosophy
- economic analysis of law (Lewis Kornhauser)
legal positivism — see nature of law: legal positivism
legal punishment — see punishment, legal
legal reasoning
- interpretation and coherence in (Julie Dickson)
- precedent and analogy in (Grant Lamond)
legal rights (Kenneth Campbell)
Le Grand, Antoine (Patricia Easton)
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm
- ethics (Andrew Youpa)
- on causation (Marc Bobro)
- on the problem of evil (Michael Murray)
- philosophy of mind (Mark Kulstad and Laurence Carlin)
Leucippus (Sylvia Berryman)
liberalism (Gerald Gaus and Shane D. Courtland)
libertarianism (Peter Vallentyne)
liberty
- positive and negative (Ian Carter)
life (Bruce Weber)
lifeworld — see Husserl, Edmund
limits of law (John Stanton-Ife)
Lipsius, Justus (Jan Papy)
Locke, John (William Uzgalis)
- political philosophy (Alex Tuckness)
logic
- and artificial intelligence — see artificial intelligence: logic and
- of belief revision (Sven Ove Hansson)
- classical (Stewart Shapiro)
- connexive (Heinrich Wansing)
- deontic (Paul McNamara)
- epistemic (Vincent Hendricks and John Symons)
- fuzzy (Petr Hajek)
- and games (Wilfrid Hodges)
- hybrid (Torben Braüner)
- inductive (James Hawthorne)
- infinitary (John L. Bell)
- informal (Leo Groarke)
- intuitionistic (Joan Moschovakis)
- many-valued (Siegfried Gottwald)
- modal (James Garson)
- non-monotonic (G. Aldo Antonelli)
- paraconsistent (Graham Priest and Koji Tanaka)
- provability (Rineke (L.C.) Verbrugge)
- relevance (Edwin Mares)
- substructural (Greg Restall)
- temporal (Antony Galton)
logical atomism
- Russell's (Kevin Klement)
- Wittgenstein's (Ian Proops)
logical consequence (JC Beall and Greg Restall)
logical constants (John MacFarlane)
logical constructions (Bernard Linsky)
logical form (Paul Pietroski)
logical truth (Mario Gómez-Torrente)
logic and ontology (Thomas Hofweber)
Lotze, Hermann (David Sullivan)
love (Bennett Helm)
luck
- justice and bad luck (Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen)
- moral (Dana K. Nelkin)
Lucretius (David Sedley)
Lvov-Warsaw School (Jan Woleński)

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M

Machiavelli, Niccolò (Cary Nederman)
Maimon, Salomon (Peter Thielke and Yitzhak Melamed)
Maimonides (Kenneth Seeskin)
- the influence of Islamic thought on (Sarah Pessin)
Malebranche, Nicolas (Tad Schmaltz)
- theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
- theory of ideas and vision in God (Lawrence Nolan)
Mally, Ernst (Alexander Hieke and Gerhard Zecha)
- deontic logic (Gert-Jan Lokhorst)
many, problem of (Brian Weatherson)
Marcel, Gabriel (-Honoré) (Brian Treanor)
Maritain, Jacques (William Sweet)
Marsilius of Inghen (Maarten Hoenen)
Marx, Karl (Jonathan Wolff)
Masham, Lady Damaris (Sarah Hutton)
mass/energy equivalence — see equivalence of mass and energy
materialism
- eliminative (William Ramsey)
mathematics
- constructive (Douglas Bridges)
- inconsistent (Chris Mortensen)
mathematics, philosophy of
- indispensability arguments in the (Mark Colyvan)
measurement
- in quantum theory — see quantum theory: measurement in
medieval philosophy (Paul Vincent Spade)
- literary forms of (Eileen Sweeney)
medieval theories
- analogy — see analogy: medieval theories of
- categories — see categories: medieval theories of
- causation — see causation: medieval theories of
- conscience — see conscience: medieval theories of
- of demonstration — see demonstration: medieval theories of
- future contingents — see future contingents: medieval theories of
- haecceity — see haecceity: medieval theories of
- of mental representation — see mental representation: in medieval philosophy
- modality — see modality: medieval theories of
- of obligationes — see obligationes, medieval theories of
- practical reason — see practical reason: medieval theories of
- properties of terms — see terms, properties of: medieval theories of
- relations — see relations: medieval theories of
- of singular terms — see singular terms: medieval theories of
- syllogism — see syllogism: medieval theories of
Meister Eckhart (Burkhard Mojsisch and Orrin F. Summerell)
memory (John Sutton)
- epistemological problems of (Thomas D. Senor)
Mencius (Kwong Loi Shun)
Mendelssohn, Moses (Daniel Dahlstrom)
mental causation (David Robb and John Heil)
mental content
- externalism about (Joe Lau)
- narrow (Curtis Brown)
- nonconceptual (José Bermúdez)
- teleological theories of — see teleology: teleological theories of mental content
mental illness (Christian Perring)
mental imagery (Nigel Thomas)
mental representation (David Pitt)
- in medieval philosophy (Henrik Lagerlund)
mereology (Achille Varzi)
- medieval (Andrew Arlig)
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice (Bernard Flynn)
metaethics
- moral cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism — see cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism, moral
- moral epistemology — see moral epistemology
- moral naturalism — see naturalism: moral
- moral non-naturalism — see non-naturalism, moral
- moral particularism — see moral particularism
- moral realism — see moral realism
- moral skepticism — see skepticism: moral
Mill, Harriet Taylor (Dale E. Miller)
Mill, James (Terence Ball)
Mill, John Stuart (Fred Wilson)
mind
- computational theory of (Steven Horst)
- identity theory of — see identity theory of mind
miracles (Michael Levine)
modality
- medieval theories of (Simo Knuuttila)
modal logic — see logic: modal
models in science (Roman Frigg and Stephan Hartmann)
model theory (Wilfrid Hodges)
- first-order (Wilfrid Hodges)
Mohism (Chris Fraser)
Mohist Canons (Chris Fraser)
molecular biology (Lindley Darden and James Tabery)
Molyneux's problem (Marjolein Degenaar and Gert-Jan Lokhorst)
monism
- anomalous — see anomalous monism
monotheism (William Wainwright)
Montaigne, Michel de (Marc Foglia)
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de (Hilary Bok)
Moore, George Edward (Tom Baldwin)
- moral philosophy (Thomas Hurka)
moral character — see character, moral
moral dilemmas (Terrance McConnell)
moral epistemology (Richmond Campbell)
morality, definition of (Bernard Gert)
moral luck — see luck: moral
moral naturalism — see naturalism: moral
moral non-naturalism — see non-naturalism, moral
moral particularism (Jonathan Dancy)
moral psychology
- empirical approaches (John Doris and Stephen Stich)
moral realism (Geoff Sayre-McCord)
moral reasoning — see reasoning: moral
moral relativism (Chris Gowans)
moral responsibility (Andrew Eshleman)
moral skepticism — see skepticism: moral
moral status
- of animals — see animals, moral status of
multiple realizability (John Bickle)
mysticism (Jerome Gellman)

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N

nationalism (Nenad Miscevic)
Natorp, Paul (Alan Kim)
naturalism
- moral (James Lenman)
naturalism in legal philosophy (Brian Leiter)
natural law
- tradition in ethics — see ethics: natural law tradition
natural selection
- units and levels of (Elisabeth Lloyd)
nature of law (Andrei Marmor)
- interpretivist theories (Nicos Stavropoulos)
- legal positivism (Leslie Green)
- pure theory of law (Andrei Marmor)
necessary and sufficient conditions (Andrew Brennan)
necessary beings
- and God — see God: and other necessary beings
neuroscience, philosophy of (John Bickle, Peter Mandik, and Anthony Landreth)
neutral monism (Leopold Stubenberg)
Newton, Isaac
- views on space, time, and motion (Robert Rynasiewicz)
Nicholas of Autrecourt [de Altricuria, Autricuria, Ultricuria, Autricort] (Hans Thijssen)
Nietzsche, Friedrich (Robert Wicks)
- moral and political philosophy (Brian Leiter)
Nishida Kitarô (John Maraldo)
noema — see Husserl, Edmund
non-naturalism, moral (Michael Ridge)
nonconceptual content — see mental content: nonconceptual
nothingness (Roy Sorensen)

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O

object (Henry Laycock)
obligation
- legal — see legal obligation and authority
obligationes, medieval theories of (Paul Vincent Spade)
obligations
- special (Diane Jeske)
Ockham [Occam], William (Paul Vincent Spade)
Olivi, Peter John (Robert Pasnau)
omnipotence (Joshua Hoffman and Gary Rosenkrantz)
omnipresence (Edward Wierenga)
ontological arguments (Graham Oppy)
ontological dependence — see dependence, ontological
original position (Fred D'Agostino)
other minds (Alec Hyslop)

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P

pain (Murat Aydede)
panpsychism (William Seager and Sean Allen-Hermanson)
pantheism (Michael Levine)
paradox
- Curry's — see Curry's paradox
- Fitch's paradox of knowability — see Fitch's paradox of knowability
- Russell's paradox — see Russell's paradox
- Simpson's paradox — see Simpson's paradox
- St. Petersburg paradox — see St. Petersburg paradox
- Zeno's paradoxes — see Zeno's paradoxes
parenthood and procreation (Tim Bayne and Avery Kolers)
part/whole — see mereology
Pascal's wager (Alan Hájek)
paternalism (Gerald Dworkin)
Patrizi, Francesco (Fred Purnell)
Paul of Venice (Alessandro Conti)
Peirce, Benjamin (Ivor Grattan-Guinness and Alison Walsh)
Peirce, Charles Sanders (Robert Burch)
- logic (Eric Hammer)
Penbygull, William (Alessandro Conti)
perception
- the contents of (Susanna Siegel)
- epistemological problems of (Laurence BonJour)
- the problem of (Tim Crane)
persistence — see temporal parts
personal identity (Eric T. Olson)
- and ethics (David Shoemaker)
persons — see personal identity
Peter of Spain [= Petrus Hispanus] (Joke Spruyt)
phenomenology (David Woodruff Smith)
Philip the Chancellor (Colleen McCluskey)
Philolaus (Carl Huffman)
Philoponus (Christian Wildberg)
Philo the Dialectician — see Dialectical School
physicalism (Daniel Stoljar)
physics
- experiment in (Allan Franklin)
- holism and nonseparability (Richard Healey)
- intertheory relations in (Robert Batterman)
- Reichenbach's common cause principle (Frank Arntzenius)
- structuralism in (Heinz-Juergen Schmidt)
- symmetry and symmetry breaking (Katherine Brading and Elena Castellani)
pineal gland — see Descartes, René: and the pineal gland
Plato (Richard Kraut)
- ethics (Dorothea Frede)
- ethics and politics in The Republic (Eric Brown)
- friendship and eros (C. D. C. Reeve)
- method and metaphysics in the Sophist and Statesman (Mary Louise Gill)
- middle period metaphysics and epistemology (Allan Silverman)
- on knowledge in the Theaetetus (Timothy Chappell)
- on utopia (Chris Bobonich)
- rhetoric and poetry (Charles Griswold)
- shorter ethical works (Paul Woodruff)
- Timaeus (Donald Zeyl)
Platonism
- in metaphysics (Mark Balaguer)
pleasure (Leonard D. Katz)
Plotinus (Lloyd Gerson)
pluralism
- religious — see religious diversity
plurality of forms — see binarium famosissimum
plural quantification (Øystein Linnebo)
Pomponazzi, Pietro (Stefano Perfetti)
Popper, Karl (Stephen Thornton)
pornography
- and censorship (Caroline West)
Porphyry (Eyjólfur Emilsson)
possible objects (Takashi Yagisawa)
postmodernism (Gary Aylesworth)
practical reason (R. Jay Wallace)
- medieval theories of (Anthony Celano)
- and the structure of actions (Elijah Millgram)
pragmatic arguments for belief in God (Jeff Jordan)
predicate calculus — see logic: classical
preformationism — see developmental biology: epigenesis and preformationism
Principia Mathematica (A. D. Irvine)
- notation in (Bernard Linsky)
Prior, Arthur (B. Jack Copeland)
prisoner's dilemma (Steven Kuhn)
privacy (Judith DeCew)
private language (Stewart Candlish)
probability, interpretations of (Alan Hájek)
process philosophy (Nicholas Rescher)
process theism — see theism: process
procreation — see parenthood and procreation
properties (Chris Swoyer)
- emergent — see emergent properties
property (Jeremy Waldron)
prophecy (Scott Davison)
propositional attitude reports (Thomas McKay and Michael Nelson)
propositions (Matthew McGrath)
- singular (Greg Fitch)
- structured (Jeffrey C. King)
providence, divine (Hugh J. McCann)
Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (Kevin Corrigan and Michael Harrington)
psyche — see soul, ancient theories of
publicity (Axel Gosseries)
punishment (Hugo Adam Bedau)
punishment, legal (Antony Duff)
Pyrrho (Richard Bett)
Pyrrhonism — see skepticism: ancient
Pythagoras (Carl Huffman)
Pythagoreanism (Carl Huffman)

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Q

qualia (Michael Tye)
- inverted (Alex Byrne)
- knowledge argument (Martine Nida-Rümelin)
quantum mechanics (Jenann Ismael)
- Bell's Theorem — see Bell's Theorem
- Bohmian mechanics (Sheldon Goldstein)
- collapse theories (Giancarlo Ghirardi)
- Copenhagen interpretation of (Jan Faye)
- Everett's relative-state formulation of (Jeffrey Barrett)
- Kochen-Specker theorem (Carsten Held)
- many-worlds interpretation of (Lev Vaidman)
- modal interpretations of (Michael Dickson)
- relational (Federico Laudisa and Carlo Rovelli)
- the role of decoherence in (Guido Bacciagaluppi)
quantum theory
- and consciousness (Harald Atmanspacher)
- the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen argument in (Arthur Fine)
- identity and individuality in (Steven French)
- measurement in (Henry Krips)
- quantum entanglement and information (Jeffrey Bub)
- quantum gravity (Steven Weinstein)
- quantum logic and probability theory (Alexander Wilce)
- uncertainty principle in — see Uncertainty Principle
- von Neumann vs. Dirac (Fred Kronz)
Quine, Willard van Orman
- New Foundations (Thomas Forster)
quotation (Herman Cappelen and Ernest LePore)

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R

Ramsay, Allan — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
Ramus, Petrus (Erland Sellberg)
rationalism vs. empiricism (Peter Markie)
rationality
- Bayesian — see epistemology: Bayesian
- historicist theories of (Carl Matheson)
realism (Alexander Miller)
- moral — see moral realism
- scientific — see scientific realism
- semantic challenges to (Drew Khlentzos)
reasoning
- automated (Frederic Portoraro)
- defeasible (Robert Koons)
- moral (Henry Richardson)
reasons
- agent-neutral vs. agent-relative (Michael Ridge)
recursive function — see function: recursive
redistribution (Christian Barry)
reference (Marga Reimer)
reflective equilibrium (Norman Daniels)
Reid, Thomas (Gideon Yaffe)
Reinhold, Karl Leonhard (Dan Breazeale)
reism (Jan Woleński)
relations — see properties
- medieval theories of (Jeffrey Brower)
relativism (Chris Swoyer)
- moral — see moral relativism
religion
- epistemology of (Peter Forrest)
- feminist philosophy of — see feminist (interventions): philosophy of religion
religious diversity (David Basinger)
replication (David Hull and John S. Wilkins)
representation, political (Suzanne Dovi)
republicanism (Frank Lovett)
repugnant conclusion, the (Jesper Ryberg, Torbjörn Tännsjö, and Gustaf Arrhenius)
respect (Robin S. Dillon)
responsibility
- collective (Marion Smiley)
Richard the Sophister [Ricardus Sophista, Magister abstractionum] (Paul Streveler)
Ricoeur, Paul (Bernard Dauenhauer)
rights (Leif Wenar)
- of children (David William Archard)
- civil — see civil rights
- human (James Nickel)
- legal — see legal rights
role obligations — see obligations: special
Rorty, Richard (Bjørn Ramberg)
Rosmini, Antonio (Denis Cleary)
Royce, Josiah (Kelly A. Parker)
Rufus, Richard — see Richard the Sophister
rule consequentialism — see consequentialism: rule
Russell, Bertrand (A. D. Irvine)
- logical atomism — see logical atomism: Russell's
Russell's paradox (A. D. Irvine)

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S

Saadya [Saadiah] (Sarah Pessin)
Santayana, George (Herman Saatkamp)
Sartre, Jean-Paul (Thomas Flynn)
scepticism — see skepticism
Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von (Andrew Bowie)
schema (John Corcoran)
Schleiermacher, Friedrich Daniel Ernst (Michael Forster)
School of Names (Chris Fraser)
Schopenhauer, Arthur (Robert Wicks)
Schutz, Alfred (Michael Barber)
science, models in — see models in science
scientific explanation (James Woodward)
scientific knowledge
- social dimensions of (Helen Longino)
scientific progress (Ilkka Niiniluoto)
scientific realism (Richard Boyd)
Scottish Philosophy
- in the 18th Century (Alexander Broadie)
- in the 19th century (Gordon Graham)
Scottus [Scotus] Eriugena [Erigena], John — see Eriugena, John Scottus
Scotus, John Duns — see Duns Scotus, John
Sebond, Raymond — see Montaigne, Michel de
secession (Allen Buchanan)
self
- the biological notion of (Alfred Tauber)
- feminist perspectives on the — see feminist (topics): perspectives on the self
- knowledge — see self-knowledge
self-consciousness
- phenomenological approaches to (Shaun Gallagher and Dan Zahavi)
self-knowledge (Brie Gertler)
self-respect — see respect
Sellars, Wilfrid (Jay Rosenberg)
semiotics
- medieval (Stephan Meier-Oeser)
sense-data (Michael Huemer)
set theory (Thomas Jech)
- alternative axiomatic theories (M. Randall Holmes)
Shaftesbury, Lord [Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of] (Michael Gill)
- theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
Sharpe, Johannes (Alessandro Conti)
Sidgwick, Henry (Barton Schultz)
Simon of Faversham (John Longeway)
simplicity (Alan Baker)
- divine (William F. Vallicella)
Simpson's paradox (Gary Malinas and John Bigelow)
singular terms
- medieval theories of (E. Jennifer Ashworth)
skepticism (Peter Klein)
- ancient (Leo Groarke)
- brains in a vat — see brains in a vat
- moral (Walter Sinnott-Armstrong)
Smith, Adam — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
Smith, John — see Cambridge Platonists
social contract — see contractarianism
- contemporary approaches to (Fred D'Agostino)
social minimum [basic income] (Stuart White)
sociobiology (Harmon Holcomb and Jason Byron)
Socrates (Debra Nails)
sophismata [= sophisms] (Fabienne Pironet)
Sorites paradox (Dominic Hyde)
sortals (Richard E. Grandy)
soul, ancient theories of (Hendrik Lorenz)
sounds (Roberto Casati and Jerome Dokic)
sovereignty (Dan Philpott)
space and time
- being and becoming in modern physics (Steven Savitt)
- conventionality of simultaneity (Allen Janis)
- the hole argument (John Norton)
- inertial frames (Robert DiSalle)
- supertasks (Jon Pérez Laraudogoitia)
species (Marc Ereshefsky)
Spencer, Herbert (David Weinstein)
Speusippus (Russell Dancy)
Spinoza, Baruch (Steven Nadler)
- psychological theory (Michael LeBuffe)
- theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
square of opposition (Terence Parsons)
St. Petersburg paradox (Robert Martin)
states of affairs (Thomas Wetzel)
statistical physics
- Boltzmann's work in (Jos Uffink)
- philosophy of statistical mechanics (Lawrence Sklar)
Sterry, Peter — see Cambridge Platonists
Stewart, Dugald — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
Stirner, Max (David Leopold)
Stoicism (Dirk Baltzly)
structuralism
- in physics — see physics: structuralism in
substance (Howard Robinson)
substructural logics — see logic: substructural
suicide (Michael Cholbi)
supererogation (David Heyd)
supervenience (Brian McLaughlin and Karen Bennett)
syllogism
- medieval theories of (Henrik Lagerlund)
symmetry and symmetry breaking — see physics: symmetry and symmetry breaking
synthetic — see analytic/synthetic distinction

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T

Taoism (Chad Hansen)
Tarski, Alfred
- truth definitions (Wilfrid Hodges)
techne — see episteme and techne
teleology
- teleological arguments for God's existence (Del Ratzsch)
- teleological notions in biology (Colin Allen)
- teleological theories of mental content (Karen Neander)
Telesio, Bernardino (Michaela Boenke)
temporal parts (Katherine Hawley)
terms, properties of
- medieval theories of (Stephen Read)
testimony
- epistemological problems of (Jonathan Adler)
theism
- process (Donald Viney)
Thomas of Erfurt (Jack Zupko)
Thoreau, Henry David (Rick Anthony Furtak)
thought experiments (James Robert Brown)
Thrasymachus — see Callicles and Thrasymachus
Tibbon, Samuel Ibn (James T. Robinson)
time (Ned Markosian)
- the experience and perception of (Robin Le Poidevin)
- thermodynamic asymmetry in (Craig Callender)
time machines (John Earman and Christian Wüthrich)
time travel
- and modern physics (Frank Arntzenius and Tim Maudlin)
Timon of Phlius (Richard Bett)
tort law, theories of (Jules Coleman)
torture (Seumas Miller)
transcendentalism (Russell Goodman)
tropes (John Bacon)
trust (Carolyn McLeod)
truth (Michael Glanzberg)
- axiomatic theories of (Volker Halbach)
- coherence theory of (James O. Young)
- correspondence theory of (Marian David)
- deflationary theory of (Daniel Stoljar)
- identity theory of (Stewart Candlish)
- revision theory of (Eric Hammer)
- Tarski's theory of truth — see Tarski, Alfred: truth definitions
truthlikeness (Graham Oddie)
Turing, Alan (Andrew Hodges)
Turing machines (David Barker-Plummer)
Turing test (Graham Oppy and David Dowe)
Turnbull, George — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
types and tokens (Linda Wetzel)
type theory (Thierry Coquand)

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U

Uncertainty Principle (Jan Hilgevoord and Jos Uffink)
universal hylomorphism — see binarium famosissimum
universals — see properties
- the medieval problem of (Gyula Klima)
utilitarianism — see consequentialism

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V

vagueness (Roy Sorensen)
vagueness of composition — see many, problem of
validity — see logical truth
value
- intrinsic vs. extrinsic (Michael J. Zimmerman)
- pluralism (Elinor Mason)
veil of ignorance — see original position
verbs, intensional transitive — see intensional transitive verbs
verisimilitude — see truthlikeness
Vico, Giambattista (Timothy Costelloe)
virtue
- ancient theories of — see ethics: ancient
virtue ethics — see ethics: virtue
volition — see free will
voluntarism, theological (Mark Murphy)

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W

war (Brian Orend)
Watsuji Tetsurô (Robert Carter)
well-being (Roger Crisp)
Whewell, William (Laura J. Snyder)
Whichcote, Benjamin — see Cambridge Platonists
Whitehead, Alfred North (A. D. Irvine)
William of Champeaux (Kevin Guilfoy)
William of Ockham — see Ockham, William
Williams, Bernard (Timothy Chappell)
Wittgenstein, Ludwig (Anat Biletzki and Anat Matar)
- logical atomism — see logical atomism: Wittgenstein's
Wright, Chauncey (Jean De Groot)
Wundt, Wilhelm Maximilian (Alan Kim)
Wyclif, John (Alessandro Conti)
- political Philosophy (Stephen Lahey)

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X

Xenocrates (Russell Dancy)
Xenophanes (James Lesher)

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Y

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Z

Zabarella, Giacomo (Heikki Mikkeli)
Zeno's paradoxes (Nick Huggett)
Zhuangzi (Harold Roth)
zombies (Robert Kirk)

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