Stanford  Encyclopedia  of Philosophy

Winter 2004 Edition Table of Contents

A

• Abelard [Abailard], Peter (Peter King)
• abstract objects (Gideon Rosen)
• action (George Wilson)
• actualism (Christopher Menzel)
• Adorno, Theodor (Lambert Zuidervaart)
• Aegidius Romanus -- see Giles of Rome
• Aenesidemus -- see skepticism: ancient
• aesthetics
  • aesthetic judgment (Nick Zangwill)
  • feminist -- see feminist (interventions): aesthetics
  • French, in the 18th century (Jacques Morizot)
  • Hume -- see Hume, David: aesthetics
• affirmative action (Robert Fullinwider)
• agnosticism -- see atheism and agnosticism
• Agrippa -- see skepticism: ancient
• Albert of Saxony (Joél Biard)
• Alcmaeon (Carl Huffman)
• Alexander of Aphrodisias (Dorothea Frede)
• altruism
  • biological (Samir Okasha)
• Alyngton, Robert (Alessandro Conti)
• Ammonius Saccas -- see Plotinus
• analogy
  • medieval theories of (E. Jennifer Ashworth)
• analysis (Michael Beaney)
• analytic/synthetic distinction (Georges Rey)
• anaphora (Jeffrey C. King)
• Anaxarchus -- see Pyrrho
• animal consciousness -- see consciousness: animal
• animals, moral status of (Lori Gruen)
• Anselm, Saint [Anselm of Bec, Anselm of Canterbury] (Thomas Williams)
• appearance vs. reality
  • epistemological problems of perception -- see perception: epistemological problems of
  • skepticism -- see skepticism
• Aquinas, Saint Thomas (Ralph McInerny)
• Archytas (Carl Huffman)
• arete -- see ethics: ancient
• Aristotle
  • ethics (Richard Kraut)
  • logic (Robin Smith)
  • mathematics (Henry Mendell)
  • metaphysics (S. Marc Cohen)
  • political theory (Fred Miller)
  • psychology (Christopher Shields)
  • rhetoric (Christof Rapp)
• artifact (Risto Hilpinen)
• artificial intelligence
  • logic and (Richmond Thomason)
• atheism and agnosticism (J. J. C. Smart)
• attributes -- see properties
• Augustine, Saint (Michael Mendelson)
• Auriol [Aureol, Aureoli], Peter (Russell L. Friedman)
• Austin, John (Brian Bix)
• authority (Tom Christiano)
  • legal -- see legal obligation and authority
• automated reasoning -- see reasoning: automated
• autonomy
  • in moral and political philosophy (John Christman)
  • personal (Sarah Buss)

B

• Bacon, Francis (Juergen Klein)
• Bain, Alexander -- see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
• basing relation, epistemic (Keith Allen Korcz)
• Bauer, Bruno (Douglas Moggach)
• Bayes' Theorem (James Joyce)
• Bayle, Pierre (Thomas M. Lennon)
• Beattie, James -- see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Beauvoir, Simone de (Debra Bergoffen)
• behaviorism (George Graham)
• being -- see existence
• being and becoming -- see time
  • in modern physics -- see space and time: being and becoming in modern physics
• Bell's Theorem (Abner Shimony)
• Bergson, Henri (Leonard Lawlor and Valentine Moulard)
• Berkeley, George (Lisa Downing)
• Berlin, Isaiah (Joshua Cherniss and Henry Hardy)
• binarium famosissimum [= most famous pair] (Paul Vincent Spade)
• biodiversity -- see ecology: biodiversity
• biology
  • conservation -- see conservation biology
  • notion of self (Alfred Tauber)
  • teleological notions in -- see teleology: teleological notions in biology
• Blair, Hugh -- see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• body -- see substance
• Boolean algebra
  • the mathematics of (J. Donald Monk)
• Bosanquet, Bernard (William Sweet)
• boundary (Achille Varzi)
• Boyle, Robert (J. J. MacIntosh)
• Bradley, Francis Herbert (Stewart Candlish)
• brains in a vat (Tony Brueckner)
• Brentano, Franz (Wolfgang Huemer)
  • theory of judgement (Johannes Brandl)
• Brouwer, Luitzen Egbertus Jan (Mark van Atten)
• Brown, Thomas -- see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
• Buber, Martin (Michael Zank)
• bundle theory -- see substance
• Buridan, John [Jean] (Jack Zupko)
• Burke, Edmund (Ian Harris)
• Burley [Burleigh], Walter (Alessandro Conti)
• Burnet, James [Lord Monboddo] -- see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century

C

• Caird, Edward -- see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
• Callicles and Thrasymachus (Rachel Barney)
• Cambridge Platonists (Sarah Hutton)
• Campbell, George -- see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Carneades (James Allen)
• Cassirer, Ernst (Michael Friedman)
• casuistry -- see reasoning: moral
• categories (Amie Thomasson)
• category theory (Jean-Pierre Marquis)
• causation
  • backward (Jan Faye)
  • causal processes (Phil Dowe)
  • counterfactual theories of (Peter Menzies)
  • in the law (Antony Honoré)
  • and manipulability (James Woodward)
  • medieval theories of (Graham White)
  • mental -- see mental causation
  • the metaphysics of (Jonathan Schaffer)
  • probabilistic (Christopher Hitchcock)
• censorship -- see pornography: and censorship
• change (Chris Mortensen)
• character, moral (Marcia Homiak)
• childhood, the philosophy of (Gareth Matthews)
• children, philosophy for (Michael Pritchard)
• Chinese room argument (David Cole)
• Christian theology, philosophy and (Michael Murray)
• Church-Turing Thesis (B. Jack Copeland)
• Church's Thesis -- see Church-Turing Thesis
• civil rights (Andrew Altman)
• Clarke, Samuel (Ezio Vailati)
• Clement of Alexandria -- see doxography of ancient philosophy
• cognitive science (Paul Thagard)
• cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism, moral (Mark van Roojen)
• Collins, Anthony (William Uzgalis)
• color (Barry Maund)
• common knowledge (Peter Vanderschraaf)
• communitarianism (Daniel Bell)
• comparative philosophy
  • Chinese and Western (David Wong)
• compatibilism (Michael McKenna)
• composition, the vagueness of -- see many, problem of
• compositionality (Zoltán Gendler Szabó)
• computability and complexity (Neil Immerman)
• computational theory of mind -- see mind: computational theory of
• computer ethics
  • basic concepts and historical overview (Terrell Bynum)
• computing
  • modern history of (B. Jack Copeland)
  • and moral responsibility (Kari Gwen Coleman)
• condemnation of 1277 (Hans Thijssen)
• Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de (Lorne Falkenstein)
• conditionals (Dorothy Edgington)
• Confucius (Jeffrey Riegel)
• connectionism (James Garson)
• conscience
  • medieval theories of (Douglas Langston)
• consciousness (Robert Van Gulick)
  • animal (Colin Allen)
  • higher-order theories (Peter Carruthers)
  • and intentionality (Charles Siewert)
  • representational theories of (William Lycan)
  • unity of (Andrew Brook)
• consequentialism (Walter Sinnott-Armstrong)
  • rule (Brad Hooker)
• conservation biology (Sahotra Sarkar)
• constitutionalism (Wil Waluchow)
• continuant -- see change
• contractarianism (Ann Cudd)
• Conway, Lady Anne (Sarah Hutton)
• Copernicus, Nicolaus (Sheila Rabin)
• cosmological argument (Bruce Reichenbach)
• cosmology
  • methodological debates in the 1930s and 1940s (George Gale)
• cosmopolitanism (Pauline Kleingeld and Eric Brown)
• creationism (Michael Ruse)
• criminal law, theories of (Antony Duff)
• Cudworth, Ralph -- see Cambridge Platonists
• Culverwell, Nathaniel -- see Cambridge Platonists
• Curry's paradox (JC Beall)

D

• Damian, Peter (Toivo J. Holopainen)
• Dante Alighieri (Winthrop Wetherbee)
• Daoism -- see Taoism
• Darwinism (James Lennox)
• David (Christian Wildberg)
• Davidson, Donald (Jeff Malpas)
• death (Steven Luper)
• de Beauvoir, Simone -- see Beauvoir, Simone de
• Democritus (Sylvia Berryman)
• demonstration
  • Aristotle's theory of -- see Aristotle: logic
• demonstratives -- see indexicals
• denotation -- see reference
• Descartes, René
  • epistemology (Lex Newman)
  • ethics (Donald Rutherford)
  • life and works (Kurt Smith)
  • modal metaphysics (David Cunning)
  • ontological argument (Lawrence Nolan)
• descriptions (Peter Ludlow)
• desert (Owen McLeod)
• Desgabets, Robert (Patricia Easton)
• determinates vs. determinables (David H. Sanford)
• determinism
  • causal (Carl Hoefer)
• diagrams (Sun-Joo Shin and Oliver Lemon)
• Dialectical School (Susanne Bobzien)
• dialetheism [dialethism] (Graham Priest)
• Diogenes Laertius -- see doxography of ancient philosophy
• Dionysius the Areopagite -- see Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
• disjunction (Ray Jennings)
• distributive justice -- see justice: distributive
• diversity
  • religious -- see religious diversity
• divine command theory -- see voluntarism, theological
• divine illumination (Robert Pasnau)
• doing vs. allowing harm (Frances Howard-Snyder)
• double effect, doctrine of (Alison McIntyre)
• doxography of ancient philosophy (Jaap Mansfeld)
• dualism (Howard Robinson)
• Dunbar, James -- see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Duns Scotus, John (Thomas Williams)

E

• ecology
  • biodiversity (Daniel P. Faith)
  • conservation biology -- see conservation biology
• economics, philosophy of (Daniel M. Hausman)
• economics and economic justice (Marc Fleurbaey)
• Edwards, Jonathan (William Wainwright)
• egalitarianism (Richard Arneson)
• egoism (Robert Shaver)
• Einstein, Albert
  • the hole argument -- see space and time: the hole argument
  • philosophy of science (Don A. Howard)
• Elias (Christian Wildberg)
• emergent properties (Timothy O'Connor and Hong Yu Wong)
• Emerson, Ralph Waldo (Russell Goodman)
• emotion (Ronald de Sousa)
• empiricism -- see rationalism vs. empiricism
• envy (Justin D'Arms)
• epiphenomenalism (William Robinson)
• episteme and techne [= scientific knowledge and expertise] (Richard Parry)
• epistemic basing relation -- see basing relation, epistemic
• epistemic closure principle (Steven Luper)
• epistemology
  • Bayesian (William Talbott)
  • evolutionary (Michael Bradie and William Harms)
  • feminist -- see feminist (interventions): epistemology and philosophy of science
  • moral -- see moral epistemology
  • naturalized (Richard Feldman)
  • social (Alvin Goldman)
  • virtue (John Greco)
• epsilon calculus (Jeremy Avigad and Richard Zach)
• equality (Stefan Gosepath)
  • of opportunity (Richard Arneson)
• equivalence of mass and energy (Francisco Flores)
• Eriugena, John Scottus (Dermot Moran)
• ethics
  • ancient (Richard Parry)
  • computer -- see computer ethics: basic concepts and historical overview
  • environmental (Andrew Brennan and Yeuk-Sze Lo)
  • feminist -- see feminist (interventions): ethics
  • natural law tradition (Mark Murphy)
  • utilitarian -- see consequentialism
  • virtue (Rosalind Hursthouse)
• eudaimonia -- see ethics: ancient
• euthanasia
  • voluntary (Robert Young)
• events (Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi)
• evil, problem of (Michael Tooley)
• evolutionary game theory -- see game theory: evolutionary
• existence (Barry Miller)
• existentialism (Steven Crowell)
• experimentation
  • in physics -- see physics: experiment in
• explanation
  • scientific -- see scientific explanation
• exploitation (Alan Wertheimer)
• extrinsic -- see intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties

F

• fallacies -- see logic: informal
• fatalism (Hugh Rice)
• federalism (Andreas Føllesdal)
• feminism, approaches to (Nancy Tuana)
  • analytic philosophy (Ann Garry)
  • intersections between analytic and continental philosophy (Georgia Warnke)
  • intersections between pragmatist and continental philosophy (Shannon Sullivan)
  • pragmatism (Judy Whipps)
• feminist (interventions)
  • aesthetics (Carolyn Korsmeyer)
  • bioethics (Anne Donchin)
  • epistemology and philosophy of science (Elizabeth Anderson)
  • ethics (Rosemarie Tong)
  • history of philosophy (Charlotte Witt)
  • philosophy of language (Jennifer Saul)
• feminist (topics) (Sally Haslanger and Nancy Tuana)
  • perspectives on class and work (Ann Ferguson)
  • perspectives on reproduction and the family (Debra Satz)
  • perspectives on sex markets (Laurie Shrage)
  • perspectives on the self (Diana Meyers)
• Ferguson, Adam -- see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Ferrier, James -- see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
• Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas (Van A. Harvey)
• Feyerabend, Paul (John Preston)
• Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (Dan Breazeale)
• fictionalism
  • modal (Daniel Nolan)
• film, philosophy of (Thomas Wartenberg)
• Fitch's paradox of knowability (Berit Brogaard and Joe Salerno)
• fitness (Alexander Rosenberg and Frederic Bouchard)
• folk psychology
  • as mental simulation (Robert M. Gordon)
  • as a theory (Ian Ravenscroft)
• foreknowledge, divine -- see free will: divine foreknowledge and
• Forms [Platonic] -- see Plato: middle period metaphysics and epistemology
• Foucault, Michel (Gary Gutting)
• four dimensionalism -- see temporal parts
• frame problem (Murray Shanahan)
• Francis of Marchia (Christopher Schabel)
• freedom
  • divine (William Rowe)
  • of speech (David van Mill)
• free rider problem (Russell Hardin)
• free will (Timothy O'Connor)
  • (nondeterministic) theories of -- see incompatibilism: (nondeterministic) theories of free will
  • divine foreknowledge and (Linda Zagzebski)
• Frege, Gottlob (Edward N. Zalta)
  • logic, theorem, and foundations for arithmetic (Edward N. Zalta)
• function
  • in biology -- see teleology: teleological notions in biology
• functionalism (Janet Levin)

G

• Gadamer, Hans-Georg (Jeff Malpas)
• game theory (Don Ross)
  • and ethics (Bruno Verbeek and Christopher Morris)
  • evolutionary (J. McKenzie Alexander)
• gene (Hans-Jörg Rheinberger and Staffan Müller-Wille)
• general relativity
  • early philosophical interpretations of (Thomas A. Ryckman)
• genetics
  • genotype/phenotype distinction (Richard Lewontin)
• geometry
  • finitism in (Jean-Paul Van Bendegem)
  • in the 19th century (Roberto Torretti)
• Gerard, Alexander -- see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• German Philosophy
  • in the 18th century, prior to Kant (Brigitte Sassen)
• Gersonides (Tamar Rudavsky)
• Giles of Rome (Roberto Lambertini)
• given, the -- see justification, epistemic: foundationalist theories of
• globalization (William Scheuerman)
• God, arguments for belief in
  • pragmatic -- see pragmatic arguments for belief in God
• God, arguments for the existence of
  • cosmological -- see cosmological argument
  • Descartes' ontological -- see Descartes, René: ontological argument
  • moral arguments (Peter Byrne)
  • ontological -- see ontological arguments
• Godfrey of Fontaines (John Wippel)
• Godwin, William (Mark Philp)
• Green, Thomas Hill (Colin Tyler)
• Gregory of Rimini (Christopher Schabel)

H

• haecceity -- see substance
  • medieval theories of (Richard Cross)
• Hamann, Johann Georg (Gwen Griffith-Dickson)
• Hamilton, William -- see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
• Hartley, David (Richard Allen)
• Hartshorne, Charles (Dan Dombrowski)
• heaven and hell (Jonathan Kvanvig)
• hedonism (Andrew Moore)
• Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (Paul Redding)
• hell -- see heaven and hell
• Herder, Johann Gottfried von (Michael Forster)
• heredity and heritability (Stephen M. Downes)
• Heytesbury, William (John Longeway)
• Hilbert's Program (Richard Zach)
• Hobbes, Thomas
  • moral and political philosophy (Sharon A. Lloyd)
• Holbach, Paul-Henri Thiry (Baron) d' (Michael LeBuffe)
• holes (Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi)
• Holkot [Holcot], Robert (Hester Gelber)
• Home, Henry [Lord Kames] -- see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• homosexuality (Brent Pickett)
• humanism, civic (Athanasios Moulakis)
• human rights -- see rights: human
• Hume, David (William Edward Morris)
  • aesthetics (Ted Gracyk)
  • moral philosophy (Rachel Cohon)
• Husserl, Edmund (Christian Beyer)
• Hutcheson, Francis -- see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Hutton, James -- see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century

I

• identity (Harold Noonan)
  • of indiscernibles (Peter Forrest)
  • personal -- see personal identity
  • relative (Harry Deutsch)
• identity politics (Cressida Heyes)
• identity theory of mind (J. J. C. Smart)
• idiolects (Alex Barber)
• imagery, mental -- see mental imagery
• imitation game -- see Turing test
• immutability (Brian Leftow)
• impartiality (Troy Jollimore)
• incompatibilism
  • (nondeterministic) theories of free will (Randolph Clarke)
  • arguments for (Kadri Vihvelin)
• indexicals (David Braun)
• inductive logic -- see logic: inductive
• inequality -- see equality
• inertial systems -- see space and time: inertial frames
• informal logic -- see logic: informal
• Ingarden, Roman (Amie Thomasson)
• inherence -- see substance
• insolubles [= insolubilia] (Paul Vincent Spade)
• integrity (Damian Cox, Marguerite La Caze, and Michael Levine)
• intelligent design, theory of -- see creationism
• intensional transitive verbs (Graeme Forbes)
• intentionality (Pierre Jacob)
  • consciousness and -- see consciousness: and intentionality
  • in ancient philosophy (Victor Caston)
• intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties (Brian Weatherson)
• inverted qualia -- see qualia: inverted

J

• Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich (George di Giovanni)
• James, William (Russell Goodman)
• Japanese Philosophy
  • Watsuji Tetsurô (Robert Carter)
• judgment
  • aesthetic -- see aesthetics: aesthetic judgment
• justice
  • distributive (Julian Lamont)
  • intergenerational (Lukas Meyer)
  • as a virtue (Michael Slote)
• justification, epistemic
  • coherentist theories of (Jonathan Kvanvig)
  • foundationalist theories of (Richard Fumerton)
• justification, political
  • public (Fred D'Agostino)

K

• Kant, Immanuel
  • critique of metaphysics (Michelle Grier)
  • and Leibniz (Catherine Wilson)
  • moral philosophy (Robert Johnson)
  • philosophical development (Martin Schönfeld)
  • philosophy of religion (Philip Rossi)
  • philosophy of science (Eric Watkins)
  • theory of judgment (Robert Hanna)
  • view of mind and consciousness of self (Andrew Brook)
• Kierkegaard, Søren (William McDonald)
• killing vs. letting die -- see doing vs. allowing harm
• Kilvington, Richard (Elzbieta Jung)
• knowledge
  • analysis of (Matthias Steup)
  • by acquaintance vs. description (Richard Fumerton)
  • self- -- see self-knowledge
• Kochen-Specker theorem -- see quantum mechanics: Kochen-Specker theorem
• Kuhn, Thomas (Alexander Bird)

L

• language of thought hypothesis (Murat Aydede)
• Laozi (Alan Chan)
• law
  • and ideology (Christine Sypnowich)
  • and language (Timothy Endicott)
• laws of nature (John W. Carroll)
• learning theory, formal (Oliver Schulte)
• legal obligation and authority (Leslie Green)
• legal philosophy
  • economic analysis of law (Lewis Kornhauser)
• legal positivism -- see nature of law: legal positivism
• legal punishment -- see punishment, legal
• legal reasoning
  • interpretation and coherence (Julie Dickson)
• legal rights (Kenneth Campbell)
• Le Grand, Antoine (Patricia Easton)
• Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm
  • ethics (Andrew Youpa)
  • on the problem of evil (Michael Murray)
  • philosophy of mind (Mark Kulstad and Laurence Carlin)
• Leucippus (Sylvia Berryman)
• liberalism (Gerald Gaus and Shane D. Courtland)
• libertarianism (Peter Vallentyne)
• liberty
  • positive and negative (Ian Carter)
• life (Bruce Weber)
• lifeworld -- see Husserl, Edmund
• Lipsius, Justus (Jan Papy)
• Locke, John (William Uzgalis)
• logic
  • and artificial intelligence -- see artificial intelligence: logic and
  • classical (Stewart Shapiro)
  • fuzzy (Petr Hajek)
  • and games (Wilfrid Hodges)
  • inductive (James Hawthorne)
  • infinitary (John L. Bell)
  • informal (Leo Groarke)
  • intuitionistic (Joan Moschovakis)
  • many-valued (Siegfried Gottwald)
  • modal (James Garson)
  • non-monotonic (Aldo Antonelli)
  • paraconsistent (Graham Priest and Koji Tanaka)
  • provability (Rineke (L.C.) Verbrugge)
  • relevance (Edwin Mares)
  • substructural (Greg Restall)
  • temporal (Antony Galton)
• logical constructions (Bernard Linsky)
• logical form (Paul Pietroski)
• logic and ontology (Thomas Hofweber)
• luck
  • moral (Dana K. Nelkin)
• Lucretius (David Sedley)
• Lvov-Warsaw School (Jan Woleński)

M

• Maimon, Salomon (Peter Thielke and Yitzhak Melamed)
• Malebranche, Nicolas (Tad Schmaltz)
  • theory of ideas and vision in God (Lawrence Nolan)
• Mally, Ernst
  • deontic logic (Gert-Jan Lokhorst)
• many, problem of (Brian Weatherson)
• Marcel, Gabriel (-Honoré) (Brian Treanor)
• Maritain, Jacques (William Sweet)
• Marsilius of Inghen (Maarten Hoenen)
• Marx, Karl (Jonathan Wolff)
• Masham, Lady Damaris (Sarah Hutton)
• mass/energy equivalence -- see equivalence of mass and energy
• materialism
  • eliminative (William Ramsey)
• mathematics
  • constructive (Douglas Bridges)
  • inconsistent (Chris Mortensen)
• mathematics, philosophy of
  • indispensability arguments in the (Mark Colyvan)
• measurement
  • in quantum theory -- see quantum theory: measurement in
• medieval philosophy (Paul Vincent Spade)
  • literary forms of (Eileen Sweeney)
• medieval theories
  • analogy -- see analogy: medieval theories of
  • causation -- see causation: medieval theories of
  • conscience -- see conscience: medieval theories of
  • haecceity -- see haecceity: medieval theories of
  • of mental representation -- see mental representation: in medieval philosophy
  • modality -- see modality: medieval theories of
  • of obligationes -- see obligationes, medieval theories of
  • practical reason -- see practical reason: medieval theories of
  • properties of terms -- see terms, properties of: medieval theories of
  • relations -- see relations: medieval theories of
  • of singular terms -- see singular terms: medieval theories of
  • syllogism -- see syllogism: medieval theories of
• memory (John Sutton)
• Mencius (Kwong Loi Shun)
• Mendelssohn, Moses (Daniel Dahlstrom)
• mental causation (David Robb and John Heil)
• mental content
  • externalism about (Joe Lau)
  • narrow (Curtis Brown)
  • nonconceptual (José Bermúdez)
  • teleological theories of (Karen Neander)
• mental illness (Christian Perring)
• mental imagery (Nigel Thomas)
• mental representation (David Pitt)
  • in medieval philosophy (Henrik Lagerlund)
• mereology (Achille Varzi)
• Merleau-Ponty, Maurice (Bernard Flynn)
• metaethics
  • moral cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism -- see cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism, moral
  • moral epistemology -- see moral epistemology
  • moral non-naturalism -- see non-naturalism, moral
  • moral particularism -- see moral particularism
  • moral skepticism -- see skepticism: moral
• Mill, Harriet Taylor (Dale E. Miller)
• Mill, John Stuart (Fred Wilson)
• mind
  • computational theory of (Steven Horst)
  • identity theory of -- see identity theory of mind
• miracles (Michael Levine)
• modality
  • medieval theories of (Simo Knuuttila)
• modal logic -- see logic: modal
• model theory (Wilfrid Hodges)
  • first-order (Wilfrid Hodges)
• Mohism (Chris Fraser)
• Montaigne, Michel de (Marc Foglia)
• Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de (Hilary Bok)
• Moore, George Edward (Tom Baldwin)
• moral character -- see character, moral
• moral dilemmas (Terrance McConnell)
• moral epistemology (Richmond Campbell)
• morality, definition of (Bernard Gert)
• moral luck -- see luck: moral
• moral non-naturalism -- see non-naturalism, moral
• moral particularism (Jonathan Dancy)
• moral reasoning -- see reasoning: moral
• moral relativism (Chris Gowans)
• moral responsibility (Andrew Eshleman)
• moral skepticism -- see skepticism: moral
• moral status
  • of animals -- see animals, moral status of
• More, Henry -- see Cambridge Platonists
• multiple realizability (John Bickle)
• mysticism (Jerome Gellman)

N

• nationalism (Nenad Miscevic)
• Natorp, Paul (Alan Kim)
• naturalism in legal philosophy (Brian Leiter)
• natural law
  • tradition in ethics -- see ethics: natural law tradition
• nature of law (Andrei Marmor)
  • interpretivist theories (Nicos Stavropoulos)
  • legal positivism (Leslie Green)
  • pure theory of law (Andrei Marmor)
• necessary and sufficient conditions (Andrew Brennan)
• neuroscience, philosophy of (John Bickle and Peter Mandik)
• Newton, Isaac
  • views on space, time, and motion (Robert Rynasiewicz)
• Nicholas of Autrecourt [de Altricuria, Autricuria, Ultricuria, Autricort] (Hans Thijssen)
• Nietzsche, Friedrich (Robert Wicks)
  • moral and political philosophy (Brian Leiter)
• noema -- see Husserl, Edmund
• non-naturalism, moral (Michael Ridge)
• nonconceptual content -- see mental content: nonconceptual
• nothingness (Roy Sorensen)

O

• object (Henry Laycock)
• obligation
  • legal -- see legal obligation and authority
• obligationes, medieval theories of (Paul Vincent Spade)
• obligations
  • special (Diane Jeske)
• Ockham [Occam], William (Paul Vincent Spade)
• Olivi, Peter John (Robert Pasnau)
• omnipotence (Joshua Hoffman and Gary Rosenkrantz)
• ontological arguments (Graham Oppy)
• original position (Fred D'Agostino)

P

• panpsychism (William Seager)
• pantheism (Michael Levine)
• paradox
  • Curry -- see Curry's paradox
  • Fitch's paradox of knowability -- see Fitch's paradox of knowability
  • Russell's paradox -- see Russell's paradox
  • Simpson's paradox -- see Simpson's paradox
  • St. Petersburg paradox -- see St. Petersburg paradox
  • Zeno's paradoxes -- see Zeno's paradoxes
• parenthood and procreation (Tim Bayne and Avery Kolers)
• part/whole -- see mereology
• Pascal's wager (Alan Hájek)
• paternalism (Gerald Dworkin)
• Patrizi, Francesco (Fred Purnell)
• Paul of Venice (Alessandro Conti)
• Peirce, Benjamin (Ivor Grattan-Guinness and Alison Walsh)
• Peirce, Charles Sanders (Robert Burch)
  • logic (Eric Hammer)
• Penbygull, William (Alessandro Conti)
• perception
  • epistemological problems of (Laurence BonJour)
• persistence -- see temporal parts
• personal identity (Eric T. Olson)
• persons -- see personal identity
• Peter of Spain [= Petrus Hispanus] (Joke Spruyt)
• phenomenology (David Woodruff Smith)
• Philip the Chancellor (Colleen McCluskey)
• Philolaus (Carl Huffman)
• Philoponus (Christian Wildberg)
• Philo the Dialectician -- see Dialectical School
• physicalism (Daniel Stoljar)
• physics
  • experiment in (Allan Franklin)
  • holism and nonseparability (Richard Healey)
  • intertheory relations in (Robert Batterman)
  • Reichenbach's common cause principle (Frank Arntzenius)
  • structuralism in (Heinz-Juergen Schmidt)
  • symmetry and symmetry breaking (Katherine Brading and Elena Castellani)
• Plato (Richard Kraut)
  • ethics (Dorothea Frede)
  • ethics and politics in The Republic (Eric Brown)
  • friendship and eros (C. D. C. Reeve)
  • middle period metaphysics and epistemology (Allan Silverman)
  • on utopia (Chris Bobonich)
  • rhetoric and poetry (Charles Griswold)
• Platonism
  • in metaphysics (Mark Balaguer)
• Plotinus (Lloyd Gerson)
• pluralism
  • religious -- see religious diversity
• plurality of forms -- see binarium famosissimum
• plural quantification (Øystein Linnebo)
• Pomponazzi, Pietro (Stefano Perfetti)
• Popper, Karl (Stephen Thornton)
• pornography
  • and censorship (Caroline West)
• practical reason (R. Jay Wallace)
  • medieval theories of (Anthony Celano)
• pragmatic arguments for belief in God (Jeff Jordan)
• predicate calculus -- see logic: classical
• Principia Mathematica (A. D. Irvine)
  • notation in (Bernard Linsky)
• Prior, Arthur (B. Jack Copeland)
• prisoner's dilemma (Steven Kuhn)
• privacy (Judith DeCew)
• private language (Stewart Candlish)
• probability, interpretations of (Alan Hájek)
• process philosophy (Nicholas Rescher)
• process theism -- see theism: process
• procreation -- see parenthood and procreation
• properties (Chris Swoyer)
  • emergent -- see emergent properties
• property (Jeremy Waldron)
• propositional attitude reports (Thomas McKay)
• propositions
  • singular (Greg Fitch)
  • structured (Jeffrey C. King)
• providence, divine (Hugh J. McCann)
• Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (Kevin Corrigan and Michael Harrington)
• psyche -- see soul, ancient theories of
• punishment (Hugo Adam Bedau)
• punishment, legal (Antony Duff)
• Pyrrho (Richard Bett)
• Pyrrhonism -- see skepticism: ancient

Q

• qualia (Michael Tye)
  • inverted (Alex Byrne)
  • knowledge argument (Martine Nida-Rümelin)
• quantum mechanics (Jenann Ismael)
  • Bell's Theorem -- see Bell's Theorem
  • Bohmian mechanics (Sheldon Goldstein)
  • collapse theories (Giancarlo Ghirardi)
  • Copenhagen interpretation of (Jan Faye)
  • Everett's relative-state formulation of (Jeffrey Barrett)
  • Kochen-Specker theorem (Carsten Held)
  • many-worlds interpretation of (Lev Vaidman)
  • modal interpretations of (Michael Dickson)
  • relational (Federico Laudisa and Carlo Rovelli)
  • the role of decoherence in (Guido Bacciagaluppi)
• quantum theory
  • and consciousness (Harald Atmanspacher)
  • the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen argument in (Arthur Fine)
  • identity and individuality in (Steven French)
  • measurement in (Henry Krips)
  • quantum entanglement and information (Jeffrey Bub)
  • quantum logic and probability theory (Alexander Wilce)
  • uncertainty principle in -- see Uncertainty Principle
  • von Neumann vs. Dirac (Fred Kronz)

R

• Ramsay, Allan -- see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• rationalism vs. empiricism (Peter Markie)
• rationality
  • Bayesian -- see epistemology: Bayesian
  • historicist theories of (Carl Matheson)
• realism (Alexander Miller)
  • scientific -- see scientific realism
  • semantic challenges to (Drew Khlentzos)
• reasoning
  • automated (Frederic Portoraro)
  • moral (Henry Richardson)
• redistribution (Christian Barry)
• reference (Marga Reimer)
• reflective equilibrium (Norman Daniels)
• Reid, Thomas (Gideon Yaffe)
• Reinhold, Karl Leonhard (Dan Breazeale)
• reism (Jan Woleński)
• relations -- see properties
  • medieval theories of (Jeffrey Brower)
• relativism (Chris Swoyer)
  • moral -- see moral relativism
• religion
  • epistemology of (Peter Forrest)
• religious diversity (David Basinger)
• replication (David Hull)
• republicanism (Philip Pettit)
• respect (Robin S. Dillon)
• Richard the Sophister [Ricardus Sophista, Magister abstractionum] (Paul Streveler)
• Ricoeur, Paul (Bernard Dauenhauer)
• rights
  • of children (David William Archard)
  • civil -- see civil rights
  • human (James Nickel)
  • legal -- see legal rights
• role obligations -- see obligations: special
• Rorty, Richard (Bjørn Ramberg)
• Rosmini, Antonio (Denis Cleary)
• Royce, Josiah (Kelly A. Parker)
• Rufus, Richard -- see Richard the Sophister
• rule consequentialism -- see consequentialism: rule
• Russell, Bertrand (A. D. Irvine)
• Russell's paradox (A. D. Irvine)

S

• Saadya [Saadiah] (Sarah Pessin)
• Santayana, George (Herman Saatkamp)
• Sartre, Jean-Paul (Thomas Flynn)
• scepticism -- see skepticism
• Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von (Andrew Bowie)
• schema (John Corcoran)
• Schleiermacher, Friedrich Daniel Ernst (Michael Forster)
• Schopenhauer, Arthur (Robert Wicks)
• Schutz, Alfred (Michael Barber)
• scientific explanation (James Woodward)
• scientific knowledge
  • social dimensions of (Helen Longino)
• scientific progress (Ilkka Niiniluoto)
• scientific realism (Richard Boyd)
• Scottish Philosophy
  • in the 18th Century (Alexander Broadie)
  • in the 19th century (Gordon Graham)
• Scottus [Scotus] Eriugena [Erigena], John -- see Eriugena, John Scottus
• Scotus, John Duns -- see Duns Scotus, John
• Sebond, Raymond -- see Montaigne, Michel de
• secession (Allen Buchanan)
• self
  • feminist perspectives on the -- see feminist (topics): perspectives on the self
• self-knowledge (Brie Gertler)
• self-respect -- see respect
• Sellars, Wilfrid (Jay Rosenberg)
• semiotics
  • medieval (Stephan Meier-Oeser)
• sense-data (Michael Huemer)
• set theory (Thomas Jech)
• Shaftesbury, Lord [Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of] (Michael Gill)
• Sharpe, Johannes (Alessandro Conti)
• Sidgwick, Henry (Barton Schultz)
• Simon of Faversham (John Longeway)
• simplicity (Alan Baker)
• Simpson's paradox (Gary Malinas and John Bigelow)
• singular terms
  • medieval theories of (E. Jennifer Ashworth)
• skepticism (Peter Klein)
  • ancient (Leo Groarke)
  • brains in a vat -- see brains in a vat
  • moral (Walter Sinnott-Armstrong)
• Smith, Adam -- see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Smith, John -- see Cambridge Platonists
• social contract -- see contractarianism
  • contemporary approaches to (Fred D'Agostino)
• social minimum [basic income] (Stuart White)
• sophismata [= sophisms] (Fabienne Pironet)
• Sorites paradox (Dominic Hyde)
• soul, ancient theories of (Hendrik Lorenz)
• sovereignty (Dan Philpott)
• space and time
  • being and becoming in modern physics (Steven Savitt)
  • conventionality of simultaneity (Allen Janis)
  • the hole argument (John Norton)
  • inertial frames (Robert DiSalle)
  • supertasks (Jon Pérez Laraudogoitia)
• species (Marc Ereshefsky)
• Spencer, Herbert (David Weinstein)
• Speusippus (Russell Dancy)
• Spinoza, Baruch [Benedict] (Steven Nadler)
  • psychological theory (Michael LeBuffe)
• square of opposition (Terence Parsons)
• St. Petersburg paradox (Robert Martin)
• states of affairs (Thomas Wetzel)
• statistical physics
  • Boltzmann's work in (Jos Uffink)
  • philosophy of statistical mechanics (Lawrence Sklar)
• Sterry, Peter -- see Cambridge Platonists
• Stewart, Dugald -- see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Stirner, Max (David Leopold)
• Stoicism (Dirk Baltzly)
• structuralism
  • in physics -- see physics: structuralism in
• substance (Howard Robinson)
• substructural logics -- see logic: substructural
• suicide (Michael Cholbi)
• supererogation (David Heyd)
• syllogism
  • medieval theories of (Henrik Lagerlund)
• symmetry and symmetry breaking -- see physics: symmetry and symmetry breaking
• synthetic -- see analytic/synthetic distinction

T

• Taoism (Chad Hansen)
• Tarski, Alfred
  • truth definitions (Wilfrid Hodges)
• techne -- see episteme and techne
• teleology
  • teleological notions in biology (Colin Allen)
• Telesio, Bernardino (Michaela Boenke)
• temporal parts (Katherine Hawley)
• terms, properties of
  • medieval theories of (Stephen Read)
• theism
  • process (Donald Viney)
• Thomas of Erfurt (Jack Zupko)
• thought experiments (James R. Brown)
• Thrasymachus -- see Callicles and Thrasymachus
• time (Ned Markosian)
  • the experience and perception of (Robin Le Poidevin)
  • thermodynamic asymmetry in (Craig Callender)
• time machines (John Earman and Christian Wüthrich)
• time travel
  • and modern physics (Frank Arntzenius and Tim Maudlin)
• Timon of Phlius (Richard Bett)
• tort law, theories of (Jules Coleman)
• transcendentalism (Russell Goodman)
• tropes (John Bacon)
• truth
  • coherence theory of (James O. Young)
  • correspondence theory of (Marian David)
  • deflationary theory of (Daniel Stoljar)
  • identity theory of (Stewart Candlish)
  • revision theory of (Eric Hammer)
• truthlikeness (Graham Oddie)
• Turing, Alan (Andrew Hodges)
• Turing machines (David Barker-Plummer)
• Turing test (Graham Oppy and David Dowe)
• Turnbull, George -- see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century

U

• Uncertainty Principle (Jan Hilgevoord and Jos Uffink)
• universal hylomorphism -- see binarium famosissimum
• universals -- see properties
  • the medieval problem of (Gyula Klima)
• utilitarianism -- see consequentialism

V

• vagueness (Roy Sorensen)
• vagueness of composition -- see many, problem of
• value
  • intrinsic vs. extrinsic (Michael J. Zimmerman)
• veil of ignorance -- see original position
• verbs, intensional transitive -- see intensional transitive verbs
• verisimilitude -- see truthlikeness
• Vico, Giambattista (Timothy Costelloe)
• virtue
  • ancient theories of -- see ethics: ancient
• virtue ethics -- see ethics: virtue
• volition -- see free will
• voluntarism, theological (Mark Murphy)

W

• war (Brian Orend)
• well-being (Roger Crisp)
• Whewell, William (Laura J. Snyder)
• Whichcote, Benjamin -- see Cambridge Platonists
• Whitehead, Alfred North (A. D. Irvine)
• William of Ockham -- see Ockham, William
• Wittgenstein, Ludwig (Anat Biletzki and Anat Matar)
  • logical atomism (Ian Proops)
• Wright, Chauncey (Jean De Groot)
• Wyclif, John (Alessandro Conti)

X

• Xenocrates (Russell Dancy)
• Xenophanes (James Lesher)

Y

Z

• Zeno's paradoxes (Nick Huggett)
• Zhuangzi (Harold Roth)
• zombies (Robert Kirk)

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