A

• abduction (Igor Douven)
• Abelard [Abailard], Peter (Peter King)
• Abhidharma (Noa Ronkin)
• abilities (John Maier)
• Abner of Burgos (Shalom Sadik)
• Abrabanel, Judah (Aaron Hughes)
• abstract objects (Gideon Rosen)
• accidental properties — see essential vs. accidental properties
• action (George Wilson and Samuel Shpall)
  • joint — see agency: shared
  • logic of — see logic: action
• action at a distance — see quantum mechanics: action at a distance in
• actualism (Christopher Menzel)
• adaptationism (Steven Hecht Orzack and Patrick Forber)
• Addams, Jane (Maurice Hamington)
• Adorno, Theodor W. (Lambert Zuidervaart)
• advance directives (Agnieszka Jaworska)
• Aegidius Romanus — see Giles of Rome
• Aenesidemus — see skepticism: ancient
• aesthetic, concept of the (James Shelley)
• aesthetics
  • aesthetic judgment (Nick Zangwill)
  • Beardsley — see Beardsley, Monroe C.: aesthetics
  • British, in the 18th century (James Shelley)
  • Collingwood — see Collingwood, Robin George: aesthetics
  • Croce — see Croce, Benedetto: aesthetics
  • definition of art — see art, definition of
  • Dewey — see Dewey, John: aesthetics
  • environmental (Allen Carlson)
  • existentialist (Jean-Philippe Deranty)
  • feminist — see feminist (interventions): aesthetics
  • French, in the 18th century (Jacques Morizot)
  • Gadamer — see Gadamer, Hans-Georg: aesthetics
  • German, in the 18th century (Paul Guyer)
  • Goodman — see Goodman, Nelson: aesthetics
  • Hegel — see Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: aesthetics
  • Heidegger — see Heidegger, Martin: aesthetics
  • Hume — see Hume, David: aesthetics
  • Japanese — see Japanese Philosophy: aesthetics
  • Plato — see Plato: aesthetics
  • Schopenhauer — see Schopenhauer, Arthur: aesthetics
  • Wittgenstein — see Wittgenstein, Ludwig: aesthetics
• affirmative action (Robert Fullinwider)
• Africana Philosophy (Lucius T. Outlaw Jr.)
• African Philosophy
  • ethics (Kwame Gyekye)
  • sage philosophy (Dismas Masolo)
• afterlife (William Hasker)
• agency
  • shared (Abraham Sesshu Roth)
• agent-relative vs. agent-neutral reasons — see reasons for action: agent-neutral vs. agent-relative
• agnosticism — see atheism and agnosticism
• Agrippa — see skepticism: ancient
• Agrippa von Nettesheim, Heinrich Cornelius (Charles Nauert)
• Akan Philosophy
  • of the person (Ajume Wingo)
• akrasia — see weakness of will
• Al-Ghazali (Frank Griffel)
• Al-Kindi (Peter Adamson)
• Albert of Saxony (Joél Biard)
• Albert the Great [= Albertus magnus] (Markus Führer)
• Albo, Joseph (Dror Ehrlich)
• Alcmaeon (Carl Huffman)
• Alexander of Aphrodisias (Dorothea Frede)
• algebra (Vaughan Pratt)
• algebra of logic tradition (Stanley Burris)
• Althusser, Louis (William Lewis)
• altruism
  • biological (Samir Okasha)
• Alyngton, Robert (Alessandro Conti)
• ambiguity (Adam Sennet)
• Ammonius (David Blank)
• Ammonius Saccas — see Plotinus
• analogy
  • medieval theories of (E. Jennifer Ashworth)
• analysis (Michael Beaney)
• analytic/synthetic distinction (Georges Rey)
• anaphora (Jeffrey C. King)
• Anaxagoras (Patricia Curd)
• Anaxarchus — see Pyrrho
• Anderson, John (Creagh McLean Cole)
• Andronicus of Rhodes — see Aristotle, commentators on
• animal consciousness — see consciousness: animal
• animals, moral status of (Lori Gruen)
• anomalous monism (Steven Yalowitz)
• Anscombe, Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret (Julia Driver)
• Anselm, Saint [Anselm of Bec, Anselm of Canterbury] (Thomas Williams)
• anti-realism, moral — see moral anti-realism
• Antiochus of Ascalon (James Allen)
• a posteriori knowledge — see a priori justification and knowledge
• appearance vs. reality
  • epistemological problems of perception — see perception: epistemological problems of
  • skepticism — see skepticism
• a priori justification and knowledge (Bruce Russell)
• Aquinas, Saint Thomas (Ralph McInerny and John O'Callaghan)
  • moral, political, and legal philosophy (John Finnis)
• Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, disciplines in
  • metaphysics (Amos Bertolacci)
  • natural philosophy and natural science (Jon McGinnis)
  • philosophy of language and logic (Tony Street)
  • psychology and philosophy of mind (Alfred Ivry)
• Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, historical and methodological topics in
  • Greek sources (Cristina D'Ancona)
  • influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on Judaic thought (Mauro Zonta)
  • influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on the Latin West (Dag Nikolaus Hasse)
• Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, special topics in
  • Ibn Kammuna — see Ibn Kammuna
  • Ikhwân al-Safâ’ — see Ikhwân al-Safâ’
  • mysticism (Mehdi Aminrazavi)
• Arcesilaus (Charles Brittain)
• Archytas (Carl Huffman)
• Arendt, Hannah (Maurizio Passerin d'Entreves)
• arete — see ethics: ancient
• arguments for probabilism
  • epistemic utility — see epistemic utility arguments for probabilism
• Aristotelianism
  • commentators on Aristotle — see Aristotle, commentators on
  • in the Renaissance (Heinrich Kuhn)
• Aristotle (Christopher Shields)
• Aristotle, commentators on (Andrea Falcon)
  • Alexander of Aphrosias — see Alexander of Aphrodisias
  • Ammonius — see Ammonius
  • David — see David
  • Elias — see Elias
  • Olympiodorus — see Olympiodorus
  • Philoponus — see Philoponus
• Aristotle, General Topics
  • biology (James Lennox)
  • categories (Paul Studtmann)
  • ethics (Richard Kraut)
  • logic (Robin Smith)
  • metaphysics (S. Marc Cohen)
  • political theory (Fred Miller)
  • psychology (Christopher Shields)
  • rhetoric (Christof Rapp)
• Aristotle, Special Topics
  • causality (Andrea Falcon)
  • mathematics (Henry Mendell)
  • natural philosophy (Istvan Bodnar)
  • on non-contradiction (Paula Gottlieb)
• Arnauld, Antoine (Elmar Kremer)
• Arouet, François-Marie — see Voltaire
• art, conceptual (Elisabeth Schellekens)
• art, definition of (Thomas Adajian)
• artifact (Risto Hilpinen)
• artificial intelligence
  • automated reasoning — see reasoning: automated
  • belief representation — see belief, formal representations of
  • Chinese room argument — see Chinese room argument
  • connectionism — see connectionism
  • defeasible reasoning — see reasoning: defeasible
  • frame problem — see frame problem
  • logic and (Richmond Thomason)
  • Turing test — see Turing test
• assertion (Peter Pagin)
• Astell, Mary (Alice Sowaal)
• atheism and agnosticism (J. J. C. Smart)
• atomism
  • 17th to 20th century (Alan Chalmers)
  • ancient (Sylvia Berryman)
• attention (Christopher Mole)
• attributes — see properties
• auditory perception — see perception: auditory
• Augustine, Saint (Michael Mendelson)
• Auriol [Aureol, Aureoli], Peter (Russell L. Friedman)
• Austin, John (Brian Bix)
• Austin, John Langshaw (Guy Longworth)
• authority (Tom Christiano)
  • legal — see legal obligation and authority
• automated reasoning — see reasoning: automated
• autonomy
  • and informed consent — see informed consent
  • in moral and political philosophy (John Christman)
  • personal (Sarah Buss)
• Avicebron — see Ibn Gabirol, Solomon
• awareness, bodily — see bodily awareness
• Ayer, Alfred Jules (Graham Macdonald)

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B [jump to top]

• Bacon, Francis (Jürgen Klein)
• Bacon, Roger (Jeremiah Hackett)
• Bain, Alexander — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
• basing relation, epistemic (Keith Allen Korcz)
• Baudrillard, Jean (Douglas Kellner)
• Bauer, Bruno (Douglas Moggach)
• Bayes' Theorem (James Joyce)
• Bayle, Pierre (Thomas M. Lennon and Michael Hickson)
• Beardsley, Monroe C.
  • aesthetics (Michael Wreen)
• Beattie, James — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• beauty (Crispin Sartwell)
• Beauvoir, Simone de (Debra Bergoffen)
• behaviorism (George Graham)
• being — see existence
• being and becoming — see time
  • in modern physics — see space and time: being and becoming in modern physics
• belief (Eric Schwitzgebel)
• belief, ethics of (Andrew Chignell)
• belief, formal representations of (Franz Huber)
• Bell's Theorem (Abner Shimony)
• beneficence, principle of (Tom Beauchamp)
• Benjamin, Walter (Peter Osborne and Matthew Charles)
• Bergson, Henri (Leonard Lawlor and Valentine Moulard)
• Berkeley, George (Lisa Downing)
• Berlin, Isaiah (Joshua Cherniss and Henry Hardy)
• binarium famosissimum [= most famous pair] (Paul Vincent Spade)
• biodiversity — see ecology: biodiversity
• biological information — see information: biological
• biology
  • conservation — see conservation biology
  • experiment in (Marcel Weber)
  • molecular — see molecular biology
  • notion of individual (Robert A. Wilson and Matthew Barker)
  • notion of self — see self: the biological notion of
  • philosophy of (Paul Griffiths)
  • reduction in — see reduction, scientific: in biology
  • teleological notions in — see teleology: teleological notions in biology
• biology, philosophy of
  • feminist — see feminist (interventions): philosophy of biology
• Blair, Hugh — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• bodily awareness (Frédérique de Vignemont)
• Bodin, Jean (Mario Turchetti)
• body — see substance
• Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus (John Marenbon)
• Bohr, Niels
  • correspondence principle (Alisa Bokulich)
• Bolzano, Bernard (Edgar Morscher)
  • logic (Jan Sebestik)
• Bonaventure, Saint (Tim Noone and R. E. Houser)
• Boole, George (Stanley Burris)
• Boolean algebra
  • the mathematics of (J. Donald Monk)
• Bosanquet, Bernard (William Sweet)
• boundary (Achille Varzi)
• Boyle, Robert (J. J. MacIntosh and Peter Anstey)
• Bradley, Francis Herbert (Stewart Candlish and Pierfrancesco Basile)
  • moral and political philosophy (David Crossley)
• brain death — see death: definition of
• brains in a vat — see skepticism: and content externalism
• Brentano, Franz (Wolfgang Huemer)
  • theory of judgement (Johannes Brandl)
• Broad, Charlie Dunbar (Kent Gustavsson)
• Brouwer, Luitzen Egbertus Jan (Mark van Atten)
• Brown, Thomas — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
• Buber, Martin (Michael Zank)
• Buddha (Mark Siderits)
• Buddhism
  • ethics in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism — see ethics: in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism
  • mind in Indian Buddhist Philosophy — see mind: in Indian Buddhist Philosophy
  • Zen — see Japanese Philosophy: Zen Buddhism
• bundle theory — see substance
• Buridan, John [Jean] (Jack Zupko)
• Burke, Edmund (Ian Harris)
• Burley [Burleigh], Walter (Alessandro Conti)
• Burnet, James [Lord Monboddo] — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Butler, Joseph
  • moral philosophy (Aaron Garrett)
• Byzantine philosophy (Katerina Ierodiakonou and Börje Bydén)

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C [jump to top]

• Caird, Edward — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
• Callicles — see Plato: Callicles and Thrasymachus
• Cambridge Platonists (Sarah Hutton)
• Campanella, Tommaso (Germana Ernst)
• Campbell, George — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Camus, Albert (Ronald Aronson)
• capability approach (Ingrid Robeyns)
• Cardano, Girolamo [Geronimo] (Guido Giglioni)
• Carmichael, Gershom — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Carneades (James Allen)
• Cassirer, Ernst (Michael Friedman)
• casuistry — see reasoning: moral
• categories (Amie Thomasson)
  • medieval theories of (Jorge Gracia and Lloyd Newton)
• category theory (Jean-Pierre Marquis)
• causation
  • backward (Jan Faye)
  • causal processes (Phil Dowe)
  • counterfactual theories of (Peter Menzies)
  • in the law (Antony Honoré)
  • and manipulability (James Woodward)
  • medieval theories of (Graham White)
  • mental — see mental causation
  • the metaphysics of (Jonathan Schaffer)
  • probabilistic (Christopher Hitchcock)
• Cavendish, Margaret Lucas (David Cunning)
• cellular automata (Francesco Berto and Jacopo Tagliabue)
• censorship — see pornography: and censorship
• certainty (Baron Reed)
• ceteris paribus laws — see laws of nature: ceteris paribus
• chance
  • versus randomness (Antony Eagle)
• change
  • and inconsistency (Chris Mortensen)
• chaos (Robert Bishop)
• character, moral (Marcia Homiak)
• Châtelet, Émilie du (Karen Detlefsen)
• Chatton, Walter (Rondo Keele)
• chemistry, philosophy of (Michael Weisberg, Paul Needham, and Robin Hendry)
• childhood, the philosophy of (Gareth Matthews)
• children, philosophy for (Michael Pritchard)
• chimeras, human/non-human — see ethics, biomedical: chimeras, human/non-human
• Chinese ethics — see ethics: Chinese
• Chinese room argument (David Cole)
• Chisholm, Roderick (Richard Feldman and Fred Feldman)
• choice, axiom of (John L. Bell)
• choice, dynamic (Chrisoula Andreou)
• Christian theology, philosophy and (Michael Murray and Michael Rea)
• Church-Turing Thesis (B. Jack Copeland)
• Church's Thesis — see Church-Turing Thesis
• citizenship (Dominique Leydet)
• Civic education (Jack Crittenden and Peter Levine)
• civic humanism (Athanasios Moulakis)
• civil disobedience (Kimberley Brownlee)
• civil rights (Andrew Altman)
• Clarke, Samuel (Ezio Vailati and Timothy Yenter)
• Clement of Alexandria — see doxography of ancient philosophy
• clinical research, ethics of — see ethics, biomedical: clinical research
• cloning (Katrien Devolder)
• Cockburn, Catharine Trotter (Patricia Sheridan)
• coercion (Scott Anderson)
• cognition
  • embodied (Robert A. Wilson and Lucia Foglia)
• cognition, animal (Kristin Andrews)
• cognitive disability and moral status (David Wasserman, Adrienne Asch, Jeffrey Blustein, and Daniel Putnam)
• cognitive science (Paul Thagard)
• cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism, moral (Mark van Roojen)
• Cohen, Hermann (Scott Edgar)
• Collingwood, Robin George (Giuseppina D'Oro and James Connelly)
  • aesthetics (Gary Kemp)
• Collins, Anthony (William Uzgalis)
• colonialism (Margaret Kohn)
• color (Barry Maund)
• common knowledge (Peter Vanderschraaf and Giacomo Sillari)
• communitarianism (Daniel Bell)
• comparative philosophy
  • Chinese and Western (David Wong)
• compatibilism (Michael McKenna)
• competence, in biomedical decision-making — see decision-making capacity
• complexity
  • computability and — see computability and complexity
• composition, the vagueness of — see many, problem of
• compositionality (Zoltán Gendler Szabó)
• computability and complexity (Neil Immerman)
• computation
  • in physical systems (Gualtiero Piccinini)
• computational theory of mind — see mind: computational theory of
• computer and information ethics (Terrell Bynum)
• computer science, philosophy of (Raymond Turner and Amnon Eden)
• computing
  • modern history of (B. Jack Copeland)
  • and moral responsibility (Merel Noorman)
• Comte, Auguste (Michel Bourdeau)
• concepts (Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence)
• condemnation of 1277 (Hans Thijssen)
• Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de (Lorne Falkenstein)
• conditionals (Dorothy Edgington)
  • logic of — see logic: conditionals
• Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de
  • in the history of feminism (Joan Landes)
• confirmation (Vincenzo Crupi)
• Confucius (Jeffrey Riegel)
• connectionism (James Garson)
• connectives
  • sentence connectives in formal logic (Lloyd Humberstone)
• conscience
  • medieval theories of (Douglas Langston)
• consciousness (Robert Van Gulick)
  • animal (Colin Allen)
  • higher-order theories (Peter Carruthers)
  • and intentionality (Charles Siewert)
  • representational theories of (William Lycan)
  • seventeenth-century theories of (Larry M. Jorgensen)
  • temporal (Barry Dainton)
  • unity of (Andrew Brook and Paul Raymont)
• consent — see political obligation
• consequence, medieval theories of (Catarina Dutilh Novaes)
• consequentialism (Walter Sinnott-Armstrong)
  • rule (Brad Hooker)
• conservation biology (Sahotra Sarkar)
• constitutionalism (Wil Waluchow)
• constructive empiricism (Bradley Monton and Chad Mohler)
• constructivism
  • in metaethics (Carla Bagnoli)
• contextualism, epistemic (Patrick Rysiew)
• Continental Rationalism (Thomas M. Lennon and Shannon Dea)
• continuity and infinitesimals (John L. Bell)
• continuum hypothesis — see set theory: continuum hypothesis
• contractarianism (Ann Cudd)
• contractualism (Elizabeth Ashford and Tim Mulgan)
• contradiction (Laurence R. Horn)
• convention (Michael Rescorla)
• Conway, Lady Anne (Sarah Hutton)
• Copernicus, Nicolaus (Sheila Rabin)
• Cordemoy, Geraud de (Fred Ablondi)
• corruption (Seumas Miller)
• cosmological argument (Bruce Reichenbach)
• cosmology
  • methodological debates in the 1930s and 1940s (George Gale)
  • and theology (Hans Halvorson and Helge Kragh)
• cosmopolitanism (Pauline Kleingeld and Eric Brown)
• counterpart theory — see possible objects
• Crathorn, William (Aurélien Robert)
• creation and conservation (Jonathan Kvanvig)
• creationism (Michael Ruse)
• Crescas, Hasdai (Shalom Sadik)
• criminal law, theories of (Antony Duff)
• critical theory (James Bohman)
• Croce, Benedetto
  • aesthetics (Gary Kemp)
• Crummell, Alexander (Stephen Thompson)
• Cudworth, Ralph — see Cambridge Platonists
• cultural evolution — see evolution: cultural
• culture
  • and cognitive science (Jesse Prinz)
• Culverwell, Nathaniel — see Cambridge Platonists
• Curry's paradox (Jc Beall)
• Cusanus, Nicolaus [Nicolas of Cusa] (Clyde Lee Miller)

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D [jump to top]

• Damian, Peter (Toivo J. Holopainen)
• Dante Alighieri (Winthrop Wetherbee)
• Daoism — see Taoism
  • Neo-Daoism — see Neo-Taoism
• Darwinism (James Lennox)
• Dasein — see Heidegger, Martin
• Daud, Abraham Ibn — see Ibn Daud, Abraham
• David (Christian Wildberg)
• Davidson, Donald (Jeff Malpas)
• death (Steven Luper)
  • definition of (David DeGrazia)
• de Beauvoir, Simone — see Beauvoir, Simone de
• deception
  • definition of — see lying and deception: definition of
  • self — see self-deception
• decision-making capacity (Louis Charland)
• decision theory
  • causal (Paul Weirich)
• Dedekind, Richard
  • contributions to the foundations of mathematics (Erich Reck)
• defaults in semantics and pragmatics (Katarzyna M. Jaszczolt)
• definitions (Anil Gupta)
• Deleuze, Gilles (Daniel Smith and John Protevi)
• Delmedigo, Elijah (Jacob Ross)
• delusion (Lisa Bortolotti)
• demarcation of science — see science: and pseudo-science
• democracy (Tom Christiano)
• Democritus (Sylvia Berryman)
• demonstration
  • Aristotle's theory of — see Aristotle, General Topics: logic
  • medieval theories of (John Longeway)
• demonstratives — see indexicals
• denotation — see reference
• deontological ethics — see ethics: deontological
• dependence, ontological (E. Jonathan Lowe)
• Derrida, Jacques (Leonard Lawlor)
• Descartes, René (Gary Hatfield)
  • epistemology (Lex Newman)
  • ethics (Donald Rutherford)
  • life and works (Kurt Smith)
  • mathematics (Mary Domski)
  • modal metaphysics (David Cunning)
  • ontological argument (Lawrence Nolan)
  • physics (Edward Slowik)
  • and the pineal gland (Gert-Jan Lokhorst)
  • theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
  • theory of ideas (Kurt Smith)
• descriptions (Peter Ludlow)
• desert (Owen McLeod)
• Desgabets, Robert (Patricia Easton)
• design, argument from — see teleology: teleological arguments for God's existence
• desire (Tim Schroeder)
• determinates vs. determinables (David H. Sanford)
• determinism
  • causal (Carl Hoefer)
• developmental biology
  • epigenesis and preformationism (Jane Maienschein)
• Dewey, John
  • aesthetics (Tom Leddy)
  • moral philosophy (Elizabeth Anderson)
  • political philosophy (Matthew Festenstein)
• Dharmakīrti (Tom Tillemans)
• diagrams (Sun-Joo Shin and Oliver Lemon)
• Dialectical School (Susanne Bobzien)
• dialetheism (Graham Priest and Francesco Berto)
• Dietrich of Freiberg (Markus Führer)
• Dilthey, Wilhelm (Rudolf Makkreel)
• Diodorus Cronus (David Sedley)
• Diogenes Laertius — see doxography of ancient philosophy
• Dionysius the Areopagite — see Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
• dirty hands, the problem of (C.A.J. Coady)
• disability
  • definitions, models, experience (David Wasserman, Adrienne Asch, Jeffrey Blustein, and Daniel Putnam)
  • feminist perspectives on — see feminist (topics): perspectives on disability
  • and justice (David Wasserman, Adrienne Asch, Jeffrey Blustein, and Daniel Putnam)
• discourse representation theory (Bart Geurts and David I. Beaver)
• discrimination (Andrew Altman)
• disease — see health
• disjunction (Ray Jennings and Andrew Hartline)
• dispositions (Sungho Choi and Michael Fara)
• Dissoi Logoi — see Sophists, The
• distributive justice — see justice: distributive
• diversity
  • religious — see religious diversity
• divine
  • command theory — see voluntarism, theological
  • concepts of the — see God: concepts of
  • foreknowledge and free will — see free will: divine foreknowledge and
  • freedom — see freedom: divine
  • illumination (Robert Pasnau)
  • providence — see providence, divine
  • simplicity — see simplicity: divine
• doing vs. allowing harm (Frances Howard-Snyder)
• domestic partnership and marriage — see marriage and domestic partnership
• donation of human organs (Martin Wilkinson and Stephen Wilkinson)
• double effect, doctrine of (Alison McIntyre)
• Douglass, Frederick (Ronald Sundstrom)
• doxography of ancient philosophy (Jaap Mansfeld)
• dualism (Howard Robinson)
• Duhem, Pierre (Roger Ariew)
• Dunbar, James — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Duns Scotus, John (Thomas Williams)
• Dutch book arguments (Susan Vineberg)
• dynamic semantics — see semantics: dynamic

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E [jump to top]

• Early Modern India, analytic philosophy in (Jonardon Ganeri)
• Eckhart, Meister — see Meister Eckhart
• ecology (Sahotra Sarkar)
  • biodiversity (Daniel P. Faith)
  • conservation biology — see conservation biology
• economics, philosophy of (Daniel M. Hausman)
• economics and economic justice (Marc Fleurbaey)
• education, philosophy of (D.C. Phillips)
• Edwards, Jonathan (William Wainwright)
• egalitarianism (Richard Arneson)
• egoism (Robert Shaver)
• Einstein, Albert
  • the hole argument — see space and time: the hole argument
  • philosophy of science (Don A. Howard)
• Elias (Christian Wildberg)
• emergent properties (Timothy O'Connor and Hong Yu Wong)
• Emerson, Ralph Waldo (Russell Goodman)
• emotion (Ronald de Sousa)
  • 17th and 18th century theories of (Amy M. Schmitter)
  • in the Christian tradition (Robert Roberts)
• empathy (Karsten Stueber)
• Empedocles (Richard Parry)
• empiricism — see rationalism vs. empiricism
  • constructive — see constructive empiricism
  • logical (Richard Creath)
• Enlightenment (William Bristow)
• entailment — see logical consequence
• entropy
  • and information processing — see information processing: and thermodynamic entropy
• envy (Justin D'Arms)
• Epictetus (Margaret Graver)
• Epicurus (David Konstan)
• epiphenomenalism (William Robinson)
• episteme and techne [= scientific knowledge and expertise] (Richard Parry)
• epistemic basing relation — see basing relation, epistemic
• epistemic closure principle (Steven Luper)
• epistemic paradoxes (Roy Sorensen)
• epistemic utility arguments for probabilism (Richard Pettigrew)
• epistemology (Matthias Steup)
  • Bayesian (William Talbott)
  • contextualism in — see contextualism, epistemic
  • evolutionary (Michael Bradie and William Harms)
  • feminist — see feminist (interventions): epistemology and philosophy of science
  • in classical Indian philosophy — see Indian Philosophy (Classical): epistemology
  • moral — see moral epistemology
  • naturalized (Richard Feldman)
  • reliabilism — see reliabilism
  • social (Alvin Goldman)
  • social feminist — see feminist (interventions): social epistemology
  • virtue (John Greco and John Turri)
• epsilon calculus (Jeremy Avigad and Richard Zach)
• equality (Stefan Gosepath)
  • of opportunity (Richard Arneson)
• equivalence of mass and energy (Francisco Fernflores)
• Erasmus, Desiderius (Charles Nauert)
• ergodic hierarchy (Roman Frigg, Joseph Berkovitz, and Fred Kronz)
• Eriugena, John Scottus (Dermot Moran)
• essence, real — see Locke, John: on real essence
• essentialism — see essential vs. accidental properties
• essential vs. accidental properties (Teresa Robertson)
• eternity (Paul Helm)
• ethics
  • ancient (Richard Parry)
  • of belief — see belief, ethics of
  • business (Alexei Marcoux)
  • Chinese (David Wong)
  • computer and information — see computer and information ethics
  • deontological (Larry Alexander and Michael Moore)
  • environmental (Andrew Brennan and Yeuk-Sze Lo)
  • feminist — see feminist (interventions): ethics
  • in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism (Charles Goodman)
  • internet research (Elizabeth A. Buchanan and Michael Zimmer)
  • natural law tradition (Mark Murphy)
  • and personal identity — see personal identity: and ethics
  • and social networking — see social networking and ethics
  • utilitarian — see consequentialism
  • virtue (Rosalind Hursthouse)
• ethics, African — see African Philosophy: ethics
• ethics, applied
  • phenomenological approaches to ethics and information technology — see information technology: phenomenological approaches to ethics and
• ethics, biomedical
  • advance directives and substitute decision-making — see advance directives
  • chimeras, human/non-human (Robert Streiffer)
  • clinical research (David Wendler)
  • cloning — see cloning
  • decision-making capacity — see decision-making capacity
  • disability — see disability: definitions, models, experience
  • disease and health, concepts of — see health
  • the donation of human organs — see donation of human organs
  • informed consent — see informed consent
  • justice, inequality, and health (Gopal Sreenivasan)
  • justice and access to health care (Norman Daniels)
  • pregnancy, birth, and medicine — see pregnancy, birth, and medicine
  • privacy and medicine (Anita Allen)
  • public health ethics — see public health: ethics
  • the sale of human organs — see sale of human organs
  • stem cell research (Andrew Siegel)
  • theory (John Arras)
• eudaimonia — see ethics: ancient
• euthanasia
  • voluntary (Robert Young)
• events (Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi)
• evidence (Thomas Kelly)
  • scientific — see confirmation
• evil
  • problem of (Michael Tooley)
• evolution (Phillip Sloan)
  • cultural (Tim Lewens)
• evolutionary ethics — see morality: and evolutionary biology
• evolutionary game theory — see game theory: evolutionary
• evolutionary psychology — see psychology: evolutionary
• existence (Michael Nelson)
• existentialism (Steven Crowell)
  • aesthetics — see aesthetics: existentialist
• experimentation
  • in biology — see biology: experiment in
  • in physics — see physics: experiment in
• explanation
  • in mathematics — see mathematics: explanation in
  • scientific — see scientific explanation
• exploitation (Alan Wertheimer and Matt Zwolinski)
• externalism
  • and self-knowledge (T. Parent)
• extrinsic — see intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties
• Ezra, Abraham Ibn — see Ibn Ezra, Abraham

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F [jump to top]

• facts (Kevin Mulligan and Fabrice Correia)
• faith (John Bishop)
• Falaquera, Shem Tov Ibn (Steve Harvey)
• fatalism (Hugh Rice)
• federalism (Andreas Føllesdal)
• Fell, Margaret (Jacqueline Broad)
• feminism, approaches to (Nancy Tuana)
  • analytic philosophy (Ann Garry)
  • continental philosophy (Jennifer Hansen)
  • intersections between analytic and continental philosophy (Georgia Warnke)
  • intersections between pragmatist and continental philosophy (Shannon Sullivan)
  • pragmatism (Judy Whipps)
  • psychoanalytic philosophy (Emily Zakin)
• feminist (interventions)
  • aesthetics (Carolyn Korsmeyer)
  • bioethics (Anne Donchin)
  • epistemology and philosophy of science (Elizabeth Anderson)
  • ethics (Rosemarie Tong and Nancy Williams)
  • history of philosophy (Charlotte Witt)
  • liberal feminism (Amy R. Baehr)
  • metaphysics (Sally Haslanger and Ásta Kristjana Sveinsdóttir)
  • moral psychology (Anita Superson)
  • philosophy of biology (Carla Fehr)
  • philosophy of language (Jennifer Saul)
  • philosophy of law (Leslie Francis and Patricia Smith)
  • philosophy of religion (Nancy Frankenberry)
  • political philosophy (Noëlle McAfee)
  • social epistemology (Heidi Grasswick)
• feminist (topics) (Sally Haslanger, Nancy Tuana, and Peg O'Connor)
  • perspectives on autonomy (Natalie Stoljar)
  • perspectives on class and work (Ann Ferguson and Rosemary Hennessy)
  • perspectives on disability (Anita Silvers)
  • perspectives on objectification (Evangelia (Lina) Papadaki)
  • perspectives on power (Amy Allen)
  • perspectives on rape (Rebecca Whisnant)
  • perspectives on reproduction and the family (Debra Satz)
  • perspectives on science (Alison Wylie, Elizabeth Potter, and Wenda K. Bauchspies)
  • perspectives on sex and gender (Mari Mikkola)
  • perspectives on sex markets (Laurie Shrage)
  • perspectives on the body (Kathleen Lennon)
  • perspectives on the self (Diana Meyers)
  • perspectives on trans issues (Talia Bettcher)
• Ferguson, Adam — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Ferrier, James — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
• Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas (Van A. Harvey)
• Feyerabend, Paul (John Preston)
• Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (Dan Breazeale)
• Ficino, Marsilio (Christopher S. Celenza)
• fiction (Fred Kroon and Alberto Voltolini)
• fictionalism (Matti Eklund)
  • in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: fictionalism
  • modal (Daniel Nolan)
• fideism (Richard Amesbury)
• film, philosophy of (Thomas Wartenberg)
• Fitch's paradox of knowability (Berit Brogaard and Joe Salerno)
• fitness (Alexander Rosenberg and Frederic Bouchard)
• fitting attitude theories of value (Daniel Jacobson)
• Fleck, Ludwik (Wojciech Sady)
• folk psychology
  • as mental simulation (Robert M. Gordon)
  • as a theory (Ian Ravenscroft)
• foreknowledge, divine — see free will: divine foreknowledge and
• forgiveness (Paul M. Hughes)
• formalism
  • in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: formalism
• formal representations of belief — see belief, formal representations of
• Forms [Platonic] — see Plato: middle period metaphysics and epistemology
• Foucault, Michel (Gary Gutting)
• four dimensionalism — see temporal parts
• frame problem (Murray Shanahan)
• Francis of Marchia (Christopher Schabel)
• freedom
  • divine (William Rowe)
  • positive and negative — see liberty: positive and negative
  • of speech (David van Mill)
• free rider problem (Russell Hardin)
• free will (Timothy O'Connor)
  • (nondeterministic) theories of — see incompatibilism: (nondeterministic) theories of free will
  • divine foreknowledge and (Linda Zagzebski)
• Frege, Gottlob (Edward N. Zalta)
  • controversy with Hilbert (Patricia Blanchette)
  • logic, theorem, and foundations for arithmetic (Edward N. Zalta)
• friendship (Bennett Helm)
• function
  • in biology — see teleology: teleological notions in biology
  • recursive (Piergiorgio Odifreddi and S. Barry Cooper)
• functionalism (Janet Levin)
• future contingents (Peter Øhrstrøm and Per Hasle)
  • medieval theories of (Simo Knuuttila)

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G [jump to top]

• Gadamer, Hans-Georg (Jeff Malpas)
  • aesthetics (Nicholas Davey)
• Galileo Galilei (Peter Machamer)
• games
  • logic and — see logic: and games
• game theory (Don Ross)
  • and ethics (Bruno Verbeek and Christopher Morris)
  • evolutionary (J. McKenzie Alexander)
• Gassendi, Pierre (Saul Fisher)
• gene (Hans-Jörg Rheinberger and Staffan Müller-Wille)
• generalized quantifiers (Dag Westerståhl)
• general relativity
  • early philosophical interpretations of (Thomas A. Ryckman)
• genetics
  • evolutionary (Michael Wade)
  • genotype/phenotype distinction (Richard Lewontin)
  • molecular (Ken Waters)
  • population (Samir Okasha)
• geometry
  • finitism in (Jean Paul Van Bendegem)
  • in the 19th century (Roberto Torretti)
• Gerard, Alexander — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• German Philosophy
  • in the 18th century, prior to Kant (Brigitte Sassen)
• Gersonides (Tamar Rudavsky)
• Giles of Rome (Roberto Lambertini)
• given, the — see justification, epistemic: foundationalist theories of
• globalization (William Scheuerman)
• God
  • concepts of (William Wainwright)
  • and other necessary beings (Matthew Davidson)
• God, arguments for belief in
  • pragmatic — see pragmatic arguments and belief in God
• God, arguments for the existence of
  • cosmological — see cosmological argument
  • Descartes' ontological — see Descartes, René: ontological argument
  • moral arguments (Peter Byrne)
  • ontological — see ontological arguments
  • teleological — see teleology: teleological arguments for God's existence
• Godfrey of Fontaines (John Wippel)
• Godwin, William (Mark Philp)
• Gödel, Kurt (Juliette Kennedy)
• Goodman, Nelson
  • aesthetics (Alessandro Giovannelli)
• Gorampa [go rams pa] (Constance Kassor)
• grammar
  • categorial — see grammar: typelogical
  • typelogical (Michael Moortgat)
• Green, Thomas Hill (Colin Tyler)
• Gregory of Rimini (Christopher Schabel)
• Grice, Paul (Richard E. Grandy and Richard Warner)
• Grosseteste, Robert (Neil Lewis)
• Grotius, Hugo (Jon Miller)
• group rights — see rights: group

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H [jump to top]

• Habermas, Jürgen (James Bohman and William Rehg)
• haecceity — see substance
  • medieval theories of (Richard Cross)
• Halevi, Judah (Barry Kogan)
• Hamann, Johann Georg (Gwen Griffith-Dickson)
• Hamilton, William — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
• happiness (Dan Haybron)
• Hartley, David (Richard Allen)
• Hartmann, Nicolai (Roberto Poli)
• Hartshorne, Charles (Dan Dombrowski)
• Hayek, Friedrich (David Schmidtz)
• health (Dominic Murphy)
• heaven and hell in Christian thought (Thomas Talbott)
• hedonism (Andrew Moore)
• Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (Paul Redding)
  • aesthetics (Stephen Houlgate)
• Heidegger, Martin (Michael Wheeler)
  • aesthetics (Iain Thomson)
• hell and heaven in Christian thought — see heaven and hell in Christian thought
• Helmholtz, Hermann von (Lydia Patton)
• Hempel, Carl (James Fetzer)
• Henry of Ghent (Pasquale Porro)
• Heraclitus (Daniel W. Graham)
• Herder, Johann Gottfried von (Michael Forster)
• heritability (Stephen M. Downes)
  • inheritance systems — see inheritance systems
• hermeneutics (Bjørn Ramberg and Kristin Gjesdal)
• Heytesbury, William (John Longeway)
• Hilbert, David
  • controversy with Frege — see Frege, Gottlob: controversy with Hilbert
  • program in the foundations of mathematics (Richard Zach)
• Hippias — see Sophists, The
• history, philosophy of (Daniel Little)
• Hobbes, Thomas (Stewart Duncan)
  • moral and political philosophy (Sharon A. Lloyd and Susanne Sreedhar)
  • theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
• Holbach, Paul-Henri Thiry (Baron) d' (Michael LeBuffe)
• holes (Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi)
• Holkot [Holcot], Robert (Hester Gelber)
• Home, Henry [Lord Kames] — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• homosexuality (Brent Pickett)
• Hook, Sidney (David Sidorsky)
• Horkheimer, Max (J.C. Berendzen)
• human genome project (Lisa Gannett)
• humanism
  • civic — see civic humanism
• human rights — see rights: human
• human test subjects — see ethics, biomedical: clinical research
• Humboldt, Wilhelm von (Kurt Mueller-Vollmer)
• Hume, David (William Edward Morris)
  • aesthetics (Ted Gracyk)
  • and Kant on causality — see Kant, Immanuel: and Hume on causality
  • and Kant on morality — see Kant, Immanuel: and Hume on morality
  • moral philosophy (Rachel Cohon)
  • Newtonianism and Anti-Newtonianism (Eric Schliesser)
  • on free will (Paul Russell)
  • on religion (Paul Russell)
  • theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
• humor, philosophy of (John Morreall)
• Husserl, Edmund (Christian Beyer)
• Hutcheson, Francis — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
  • theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
• Hutton, James — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• hybrid logic — see logic: hybrid

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I [jump to top]

• Ibn Arabi (William Chittick)
• Ibn Bâjja (Josep Puig Montada)
• Ibn Daud, Abraham (Resianne Fontaine)
• Ibn Ezra, Abraham (Tzvi Langermann)
• Ibn Falaquera, Shem Tov — see Falaquera, Shem Tov Ibn
• Ibn Gabirol, Solomon [Avicebron] (Sarah Pessin)
• Ibn Kammuna (Tzvi Langermann)
• Ibn Tibbon, Samuel — see Tibbon, Samuel Ibn
• identity (Harold Noonan)
  • of indiscernibles (Peter Forrest)
  • over time (Andre Gallois)
  • personal — see personal identity
  • relative (Harry Deutsch)
  • transworld (Penelope Mackie)
• identity politics (Cressida Heyes)
• identity theory of mind — see mind/brain identity theory
• ideology, law and — see law: and ideology
• idiolects (Alex Barber)
• Ikhwân al-Safâ’ (Carmela Baffioni)
• imagery, mental — see mental imagery
• imagination (Tamar Gendler)
• imitation game — see Turing test
• immigration (Christopher Heath Wellman)
• immortality — see afterlife
• immunology, philosophy of — see self: the biological notion of
• immutability (Brian Leftow)
• impartiality (Troy Jollimore)
• implicature (Wayne Davis)
  • optimality theoretic and game theoretic approaches (Robert van Rooij)
• impossible worlds (Francesco Berto)
• incommensurability
  • of scientific theories (Eric Oberheim and Paul Hoyningen-Huene)
  • of values — see value: incommensurable
• incomparable values — see value: incommensurable
• incompatibilism
  • (nondeterministic) theories of free will (Randolph Clarke and Justin Capes)
  • arguments for (Kadri Vihvelin)
• indexicals (David Braun)
• Indian Philosophy (Classical)
  • concept of emotion (Joerg Tuske)
  • epistemology (Stephen Phillips)
  • language and testimony (Madhav Deshpande)
  • logic (Brendan Gillon)
  • naturalism (Amita Chatterjee)
  • perceptual experience and concepts (Monima Chadha)
• individual, biological notion of — see biology: notion of individual
• individualism, methodological (Joseph Heath)
• induction
  • problem of (John Vickers)
• inductive logic — see logic: inductive
• inequality — see equality
• inertial systems — see space and time: inertial frames
• inference to the best explanation — see abduction
• infinitesimals — see continuity and infinitesimals
• informal logic — see logic: informal
• information (Pieter Adriaans)
  • biological (Peter Godfrey-Smith and Kim Sterelny)
  • quantum entanglement and — see quantum theory: quantum entanglement and information
  • semantic conceptions of (Luciano Floridi)
• information processing
  • and thermodynamic entropy (Owen Maroney)
• information technology
  • and moral values (John Sullins)
  • phenomenological approaches to ethics and (Lucas Introna)
• informed consent (Nir Eyal)
• Ingarden, Roman (Amie Thomasson)
• inherence — see substance
• inheritance systems (Ehud Lamm)
• innate/acquired distinction (Paul Griffiths)
• innateness
  • and contemporary theories of cognition (Jerry Samet and Deborah Zaitchik)
  • historical controversies (Jerry Samet)
  • and language (Fiona Cowie)
• insolubles [= insolubilia] (Paul Vincent Spade and Stephen Read)
• instrumental rationality — see rationality: instrumental
• integrity (Damian Cox, Marguerite La Caze, and Michael Levine)
• intelligent design, theory of — see creationism
• intensional transitive verbs (Graeme Forbes)
• intention (Kieran Setiya)
• intentionality (Pierre Jacob)
  • collective (David P. Schweikard and Hans Bernhard Schmid)
  • consciousness and — see consciousness: and intentionality
  • in ancient philosophy (Victor Caston)
• internal vs. external reasons for action — see reasons for action: internal vs. external
• internet research ethics — see ethics: internet research
• intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties (Brian Weatherson and Dan Marshall)
• introspection (Eric Schwitzgebel)
• intuition (Joel Pust)
• intuitionism
  • in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: intuitionism
• intuitionistic logic — see logic: intuitionistic
  • development of — see logic, history of: intuitionistic logic
• inverted qualia — see qualia: inverted
• Israeli, Isaac (Leonard Levin and R. David Walker)

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J [jump to top]

• Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich (George di Giovanni)
• James, William (Russell Goodman)
• James of Viterbo (Antoine Côté)
• Japanese Philosophy
  • aesthetics (Graham Parkes)
  • Confucian (John Tucker)
  • Kokugaku School [Native Studies School] (Susan Burns)
  • Kûkai (John Krummel)
  • Kyoto School (Bret W. Davis)
  • Nishida Kitarō — see Nishida Kitarō
  • Pure Land (Dennis Hirota)
  • Watsuji Tetsurô — see Watsuji Tetsurô
  • Zen Buddhism (Shigenori Nagatomo)
• Jaspers, Karl (Chris Thornhill)
• Jayarāśi (Piotr Balcerowicz)
• Jevons, William Stanley (Bert Mosselmans)
• John of Salisbury (Kevin Guilfoy)
• Jones, Emily Elizabeth Constance (Gary Ostertag)
• Judah Halevi — see Halevi, Judah
• judgment
  • aesthetic — see aesthetics: aesthetic judgment
• justice
  • distributive (Julian Lamont and Christi Favor)
  • intergenerational (Lukas Meyer)
  • international (Michael Blake)
  • transitional (Nir Eisikovits)
  • as a virtue (Michael Slote)
• justification, epistemic
  • a priori — see a priori justification and knowledge
  • coherentist theories of (Erik Olsson)
  • foundationalist theories of (Richard Fumerton)
  • internalist vs. externalist conceptions of (George Pappas)
  • reliabilism — see reliabilism
• justification, political
  • public (Kevin Vallier and Fred D'Agostino)

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K [jump to top]

• Kant, Immanuel (Michael Rohlf)
  • account of reason (Garrath Williams)
  • aesthetics and teleology (Hannah Ginsborg)
  • critique of metaphysics (Michelle Grier)
  • and Hume on causality (Graciela De Pierris and Michael Friedman)
  • and Hume on morality (Lara Denis)
  • and Leibniz (Catherine Wilson)
  • moral philosophy (Robert Johnson)
  • philosophical development (Martin Schönfeld)
  • philosophy of religion (Philip Rossi)
  • philosophy of science (Eric Watkins)
  • social and political philosophy (Frederick Rauscher)
  • theory of judgment (Robert Hanna)
  • transcendental arguments (Derk Pereboom)
  • view of mind and consciousness of self (Andrew Brook)
  • views on space and time (Andrew Janiak)
• Kaspi, Joseph (Hannah Kasher)
• Kepler, Johannes (Daniel A. Di Liscia)
• Kierkegaard, Søren (William McDonald)
• killing vs. letting die — see doing vs. allowing harm
• Kilvington, Richard (Elzbieta Jung)
• Kilwardby, Robert (José Filipe Silva)
• knowledge
  • analysis of (Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa and Matthias Steup)
  • a priori — see a priori justification and knowledge
  • by acquaintance vs. description (Richard Fumerton)
  • self- — see self-knowledge
• knowledge, value of (Duncan Pritchard and John Turri)
• knowledge how (Jeremy Fantl)
• Kochen-Specker theorem — see quantum mechanics: Kochen-Specker theorem
• Kuhn, Thomas (Alexander Bird)
• Kûkai — see Japanese Philosophy: Kûkai
• Kumārila (Daniel Arnold)

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L [jump to top]

• Lacan, Jacques (Adrian Johnston)
• La Forge, Louis de (Desmond Clarke)
• lambda calculus, the (Jesse Alama)
• Lange, Friedrich Albert (Nadeem J. Z. Hussain and Lydia Patton)
• language of thought hypothesis (Murat Aydede)
• Laozi (Alan Chan)
• large cardinals and determinacy — see set theory: large cardinals and determinacy
• law
  • and ideology (Christine Sypnowich)
  • and language (Timothy Endicott)
  • limits of — see limits of law
  • nature of — see nature of law: natural law theories
• laws of nature (John W. Carroll)
  • ceteris paribus (Alexander Reutlinger, Gerhard Schurz, and Andreas Hüttemann)
• learning theory, formal (Oliver Schulte)
• legal obligation and authority (Leslie Green)
• legal philosophy
  • economic analysis of law (Lewis Kornhauser)
• legal positivism — see nature of law: legal positivism
• legal punishment — see punishment, legal
• legal reasoning
  • interpretation and coherence in (Julie Dickson)
  • precedent and analogy in (Grant Lamond)
• legal rights (Kenneth Campbell)
• legitimacy, political (Fabienne Peter)
• Le Grand, Antoine (Patricia Easton)
• Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (Brandon C. Look)
  • ethics (Andrew Youpa)
  • Exoteric Philosophy (John Whipple)
  • influence on 19th century logic (Volker Peckhaus)
  • modal metaphysics (Brandon C. Look)
  • on causation (Marc Bobro)
  • on the problem of evil (Michael Murray and Sean Greenberg)
  • philosophy of mind (Mark Kulstad and Laurence Carlin)
  • philosophy of physics (Jeffrey K. McDonough)
• Leibowitz, Yeshayahu (Daniel Rynhold)
• Leone Ebreo — see Abrabanel, Judah
• Leśniewski, Stanisław (Peter Simons)
• Leucippus (Sylvia Berryman)
• Levinas, Emmanuel (Bettina Bergo)
• Lewis, Clarence Irving (Bruce Hunter)
• Lewis, David (Brian Weatherson)
  • metaphysics (Ned Hall)
• liar paradox (Jc Beall and Michael Glanzberg)
• liberal feminism — see feminist (interventions): liberal feminism
• liberalism (Gerald Gaus and Shane D. Courtland)
• libertarianism (Peter Vallentyne)
• liberty
  • positive and negative (Ian Carter)
• life (Bruce Weber)
  • meaning of (Thaddeus Metz)
• lifeworld — see Husserl, Edmund
• limits of law (John Stanton-Ife)
• linear logic — see logic: linear
• linguistics
  • philosophy of (Barbara C. Scholz, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, and Geoffrey K. Pullum)
• Lipsius, Justus (Jan Papy)
• living wills — see advance directives
• location and mereology (Cody Gilmore)
• Locke, Alain LeRoy (Jacoby Adeshei Carter)
• Locke, John (William Uzgalis)
  • moral philosophy (Patricia Sheridan)
  • on real essence (Jan-Erik Jones)
  • philosophy of science (Hylarie Kochiras)
  • political philosophy (Alex Tuckness)
• logic
  • action (Krister Segerberg, John-Jules Meyer, and Marcus Kracht)
  • ancient (Susanne Bobzien)
  • and artificial intelligence — see artificial intelligence: logic and
  • of belief revision (Sven Ove Hansson)
  • classical (Stewart Shapiro)
  • combinatory (Katalin Bimbó)
  • combining (Walter Carnielli and Marcelo Esteban Coniglio)
  • conditionals (Horacio Arlo-Costa)
  • connexive (Heinrich Wansing)
  • deontic (Paul McNamara)
  • dialogical (Laurent Keiff)
  • epistemic (Vincent Hendricks and John Symons)
  • free (John Nolt)
  • fuzzy (Petr Hajek)
  • and games (Wilfrid Hodges)
  • hybrid (Torben Braüner)
  • in classical Indian philosophy — see Indian Philosophy (Classical): logic
  • independence friendly (Tero Tulenheimo)
  • inductive (James Hawthorne)
  • infinitary (John L. Bell)
  • informal (Leo Groarke)
  • intensional (Melvin Fitting)
  • intuitionistic (Joan Moschovakis)
  • justification (Sergei Artemov and Melvin Fitting)
  • linear (Roberto Di Cosmo and Dale Miller)
  • many-valued (Siegfried Gottwald)
  • of mass expressions — see mass expressions: logic of
  • modal (James Garson)
  • non-monotonic (G. Aldo Antonelli)
  • paraconsistent (Graham Priest, Koji Tanaka, and Zach Weber)
  • and probability (Lorenz Demey, Barteld Kooi, and Joshua Sack)
  • propositional dynamic (Philippe Balbiani)
  • provability (Rineke (L.C.) Verbrugge)
  • relevance (Edwin Mares)
  • second-order and higher-order (Herbert B. Enderton)
  • sentence connectives in — see connectives: sentence connectives in formal logic
  • substructural (Greg Restall)
  • temporal (Antony Galton)
• logic, history of
  • intuitionistic logic (Mark van Atten)
  • modal logic (Roberta Ballarin)
  • proof theory — see proof theory: development of
  • set theory, early — see set theory: early development
• logical atomism
  • Russell's (Kevin Klement)
  • Wittgenstein's — see Wittgenstein, Ludwig: logical atomism
• logical consequence (Jc Beall and Greg Restall)
  • propositional consequence relations and algebraic logic (Ramon Jansana)
• logical constants (John MacFarlane)
• logical constructions (Bernard Linsky)
• logical form (Paul Pietroski)
• logical pluralism (Gillian Russell)
• logical truth (Mario Gómez-Torrente)
• logic and ontology (Thomas Hofweber)
• Lotze, Hermann (David Sullivan)
• love (Bennett Helm)
• loyalty (John Kleinig)
• luck
  • justice and bad luck (Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen)
  • moral (Dana K. Nelkin)
• Lucretius (David Sedley)
• Lvov-Warsaw School (Jan Woleński)
• lying and deception
  • definition of (James Edwin Mahon)

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M [jump to top]

• Macaulay, Catharine (Karen Green)
• Mach, Ernst (Paul Pojman)
• Machiavelli, Niccolò (Cary Nederman)
• Madhyamaka (Richard Hayes)
• Maimon, Salomon (Peter Thielke and Yitzhak Melamed)
• Maimonides (Kenneth Seeskin)
  • the influence of Islamic thought on (Sarah Pessin)
• Malebranche, Nicolas (Tad Schmaltz)
  • theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
  • theory of ideas and vision in God (Lawrence Nolan)
• Mally, Ernst (Alexander Hieke and Gerhard Zecha)
  • deontic logic (Gert-Jan Lokhorst)
• many, problem of (Brian Weatherson)
• Marcel, Gabriel (-Honoré) (Brian Treanor)
• Marcus Aurelius (Rachana Kamtekar)
• Marinella, Lucrezia (Marguerite Deslauriers)
• Maritain, Jacques (William Sweet)
• markets (Lisa Herzog)
• marriage and domestic partnership (Elizabeth Brake)
• Marsilius of Inghen (Maarten Hoenen)
• Marty, Anton (Robin Rollinger)
• Marx, Karl (Jonathan Wolff)
• Masham, Lady Damaris (Sarah Hutton)
• mass/energy equivalence — see equivalence of mass and energy
• mass expressions
  • logic of (David Nicolas)
  • metaphysics of (Mark Steen)
• material constitution (Ryan Wasserman)
• materialism — see physicalism
  • eliminative (William Ramsey)
• mathematical style — see style: in mathematics
• mathematics
  • constructive (Douglas Bridges)
  • explanation in (Paolo Mancosu)
  • inconsistent (Chris Mortensen)
  • non-deductive methods in (Alan Baker)
• mathematics, foundations of
  • Dedekind's contributions to — see Dedekind, Richard: contributions to the foundations of mathematics
  • Hilbert's program — see Hilbert, David: program in the foundations of mathematics
• mathematics, philosophy of (Leon Horsten)
  • fictionalism (Mark Balaguer)
  • formalism (Alan Weir)
  • indispensability arguments in the (Mark Colyvan)
  • intuitionism (Rosalie Iemhoff)
  • naturalism (Alexander Paseau)
  • Platonism (Øystein Linnebo)
  • Wittgenstein — see Wittgenstein, Ludwig: philosophy of mathematics
• McTaggart, John M. E. (Kris McDaniel)
• Mead, George Herbert (Mitchell Aboulafia)
• meaning
  • normativity of (Kathrin Glüer and Åsa Wikforss)
• meaning, theories of (Jeff Speaks)
• measurement
  • in quantum theory — see quantum theory: measurement in
• medieval philosophy (Paul Vincent Spade)
  • literary forms of (Eileen Sweeney)
• medieval theories
  • analogy — see analogy: medieval theories of
  • categories — see categories: medieval theories of
  • causation — see causation: medieval theories of
  • conscience — see conscience: medieval theories of
  • of demonstration — see demonstration: medieval theories of
  • future contingents — see future contingents: medieval theories of
  • haecceity — see haecceity: medieval theories of
  • of mental representation — see mental representation: in medieval philosophy
  • modality — see modality: medieval theories of
  • of obligationes — see obligationes, medieval theories of
  • practical reason — see practical reason: medieval theories of
  • properties of terms — see terms, properties of: medieval theories of
  • relations — see relations: medieval theories of
  • of singular terms — see singular terms: medieval theories of
  • syllogism — see syllogism: medieval theories of
  • transcendentals — see transcendentals, medieval theories of
• Meinong, Alexius (Johann Marek)
• Meister Eckhart (Burkhard Mojsisch and Orrin F. Summerell)
• memory (John Sutton)
  • epistemological problems of (Thomas D. Senor)
• Mencius (Kwong Loi Shun)
• Mendelssohn, Moses (Daniel Dahlstrom)
• mental causation (David Robb and John Heil)
• mental content
  • causal theories of (Fred Adams and Ken Aizawa)
  • externalism about (Joe Lau and Max Deutsch)
  • narrow (Curtis Brown)
  • nonconceptual (José Bermúdez and Arnon Cahen)
  • teleological theories of (Karen Neander)
• mental illness (Christian Perring)
• mental imagery (Nigel J.T. Thomas)
• mental representation (David Pitt)
  • in medieval philosophy (Henrik Lagerlund)
• mereology (Achille Varzi)
  • and location — see location and mereology
  • medieval (Andrew Arlig)
• Merleau-Ponty, Maurice (Bernard Flynn)
• metaethics (Geoff Sayre-McCord)
• metaphor (David Hills)
• metaphysics (Peter van Inwagen)
• Mill, Harriet Taylor (Dale E. Miller)
• Mill, James (Terence Ball)
• Mill, John Stuart (Fred Wilson)
  • moral and political philosophy (David Brink)
• mind
  • computational theory of (Steven Horst)
  • in Indian Buddhist Philosophy (Christian Coseru)
  • modularity of (Philip Robbins)
• mind/brain identity theory (J. J. C. Smart)
• miracles (Timothy McGrew)
• modal epistemology — see modality: epistemology of
• modality
  • Descartes and — see Descartes, René: modal metaphysics
  • epistemology of (Anand Vaidya)
  • impossible worlds — see impossible worlds
  • Leibniz and — see Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm: modal metaphysics
  • medieval theories of (Simo Knuuttila)
  • metaphysics of — see actualism
  • modal fictionalism — see fictionalism: modal
  • necessary and sufficient conditions — see necessary and sufficient conditions
  • possible objects — see possible objects
  • Spinoza and — see Spinoza, Baruch: modal metaphysics
  • varieties of (Boris Kment)
• modal logic — see logic: modal
  • modern origins — see logic, history of: modal logic
• models in science (Roman Frigg and Stephan Hartmann)
• model theory (Wilfrid Hodges)
  • first-order (Wilfrid Hodges)
• Mohism (Chris Fraser)
• Mohist Canons (Chris Fraser)
• molecular biology (Lindley Darden and James Tabery)
• Molyneux's problem (Marjolein Degenaar and Gert-Jan Lokhorst)
• monism (Jonathan Schaffer)
  • anomalous — see anomalous monism
• monotheism (William Wainwright)
• Montaigne, Michel de (Marc Foglia)
• Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de (Hilary Bok)
• Moore, George Edward (Tom Baldwin)
  • moral philosophy (Thomas Hurka)
• moral anti-realism (Richard Joyce)
• moral character — see character, moral
• moral cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism — see cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism, moral
• moral dilemmas (Terrance McConnell)
• moral epistemology (Richmond Campbell)
• morality
  • and evolutionary biology (William FitzPatrick)
• morality, definition of (Bernard Gert)
• moral luck — see luck: moral
• moral motivation (Connie S. Rosati)
• moral naturalism — see naturalism: moral
• moral non-naturalism (Michael Ridge)
• moral particularism (Jonathan Dancy)
• moral psychology
  • empirical approaches (John Doris and Stephen Stich)
• moral realism (Geoff Sayre-McCord)
• moral reasoning — see reasoning: moral
• moral relativism (Chris Gowans)
• moral responsibility (Andrew Eshleman)
• moral skepticism (Walter Sinnott-Armstrong)
• moral status
  • of animals — see animals, moral status of
• moral status, grounds of (Agnieszka Jaworska and Julie Tannenbaum)
• More, Henry (John Henry)
• motivation
  • moral — see moral motivation
• Mulla Sadra (Sajjad Rizvi)
• multiculturalism (Sarah Song)
• multiple realizability (John Bickle)
• music, philosophy of (Andrew Kania)
• mysticism (Jerome Gellman)
• myths, Plato's — see Plato: myths

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N [jump to top]

• Nāgārjuna (Jan Christoph Westerhoff)
• names (Sam Cumming)
• nationalism (Nenad Miscevic)
• Natorp, Paul (Alan Kim)
• naturalism (David Papineau)
  • in epistemology — see epistemology: naturalized
  • in legal philosophy (Brian Leiter)
  • in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: naturalism
  • moral (James Lenman)
• natural kinds (Alexander Bird and Emma Tobin)
• natural law
  • tradition in ethics — see ethics: natural law tradition
• natural selection (Robert Brandon)
  • units and levels of (Elisabeth Lloyd)
• nature of law (Andrei Marmor)
  • interpretivist theories (Nicos Stavropoulos)
  • legal positivism (Leslie Green)
  • natural law theories (John Finnis)
  • pure theory of law (Andrei Marmor)
• Navya-Nyāya — see Early Modern India, analytic philosophy in
• necessary and sufficient conditions (Andrew Brennan)
• necessary beings
  • and God — see God: and other necessary beings
• Négritude (Souleymane Diagne)
• Neo-Taoism (Alan Chan)
• Neurath, Otto (Jordi Cat)
• neuroscience, philosophy of (John Bickle, Peter Mandik, and Anthony Landreth)
• neutral monism (Leopold Stubenberg)
• Newton, Isaac (George Smith)
  • Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (George Smith)
  • philosophy (Andrew Janiak)
  • views on space, time, and motion (Robert Rynasiewicz)
• Nicholas of Autrecourt [de Altricuria, Autricuria, Ultricuria, Autricort] (Hans Thijssen)
• Nicolas of Cusa — see Cusanus, Nicolaus
• Nietzsche, Friedrich (Robert Wicks)
  • moral and political philosophy (Brian Leiter)
• Nishida Kitarō (John C. Maraldo)
• noema — see Husserl, Edmund
• nominalism
  • in metaphysics (Gonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra)
• non-naturalism, moral — see moral non-naturalism
• nonconceptual content — see mental content: nonconceptual
• nonexistent objects (Maria Reicher)
• nonidentity problem (Melinda Roberts)
• norms of cooperation — see social norms
• Norris, John (June Yang)
• nothingness (Roy Sorensen)
• Novalis [Georg Friedrich Philipp von Hardenberg] (Kristin Gjesdal)
• Numenius (George Karamanolis)

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O [jump to top]

• object (Henry Laycock)
• obligation
  • legal — see legal obligation and authority
• obligationes, medieval theories of (Paul Vincent Spade and Mikko Yrjönsuuri)
• obligations
  • special (Diane Jeske)
• occasionalism (Sukjae Lee)
• Ockham [Occam], William (Paul Vincent Spade and Claude Panaccio)
• Olivi, Peter John (Robert Pasnau and Juhana Toivanen)
• Olympiodorus (Christian Wildberg)
• omnipotence (Joshua Hoffman and Gary Rosenkrantz)
• omnipresence (Edward Wierenga)
• omniscience (Edward Wierenga)
• ontological arguments (Graham Oppy)
• ontological dependence — see dependence, ontological
• ontology of art, history of (Paisley Livingston)
• operationalism (Hasok Chang)
• ordinary objects (Daniel Z. Korman)
• Oresme, Nicole (Stefan Kirschner)
• original position (Samuel Freeman)
• Ortega y Gasset, José (Oliver Holmes)
• other minds (Alec Hyslop)
• ownership, property and — see property and ownership

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P [jump to top]

• pacifism (Andrew Fiala)
• pain (Murat Aydede)
• panentheism (John Culp)
• panpsychism (William Seager and Sean Allen-Hermanson)
• pantheism (William Mander)
• paradox
  • Curry's — see Curry's paradox
  • Fitch's paradox of knowability — see Fitch's paradox of knowability
  • of the liar — see liar paradox
  • Russell's paradox — see Russell's paradox
  • Simpson's paradox — see Simpson's paradox
  • Skolem's (Timothy Bays)
  • St. Petersburg paradox — see St. Petersburg paradox
  • of suspense — see suspense, paradox of
  • Zeno's paradoxes — see Zeno of Elea: Zeno's paradoxes
  • and contemporary logic (Andrea Cantini)
  • epistemic — see epistemic paradoxes
• parenthood and procreation (Elizabeth Brake and Joseph Millum)
• Parmenides (John Palmer)
• part/whole — see mereology
• Pascal, Blaise (Desmond Clarke)
• Pascal's wager (Alan Hájek)
• paternalism (Gerald Dworkin)
• patriotism (Igor Primoratz)
• Patrizi, Francesco (Fred Purnell)
• Paul of Venice (Alessandro Conti)
• Peirce, Benjamin (Ivor Grattan-Guinness and Alison Walsh)
• Peirce, Charles Sanders (Robert Burch)
  • logic (Sun-Joo Shin and Eric Hammer)
  • theory of signs (Albert Atkin)
• Penbygull, William (Alessandro Conti)
• perception
  • auditory (Casey O'Callaghan)
  • the contents of (Susanna Siegel)
  • the disjunctive theory of (Matthew Soteriou)
  • epistemological problems of (Laurence BonJour)
  • the problem of (Tim Crane)
• perfectionism, in moral and political philosophy (Steven Wall)
• persistence — see temporal parts
• personal identity (Eric T. Olson)
  • and ethics (David Shoemaker)
• personalism (Thomas D. Williams and Jan Olof Bengtsson)
• persons — see personal identity
• Peter of Spain [= Petrus Hispanus] (Joke Spruyt)
• Petrizi, Joane (Tengiz Iremadze)
• phenomenology (David Woodruff Smith)
• Philip the Chancellor (Colleen McCluskey)
• Philodemus (David Blank)
• Philolaus (Carl Huffman)
• Philo of Larissa (Charles Brittain)
• Philoponus (Christian Wildberg)
• Philo the Dialectician — see Dialectical School
• physicalism (Daniel Stoljar)
• physics
  • experiment in (Allan Franklin)
  • holism and nonseparability (Richard Healey)
  • intertheory relations in (Robert Batterman)
  • quantum field theory — see quantum theory: quantum field theory
  • Reichenbach's common cause principle (Frank Arntzenius)
  • structuralism in (Heinz-Juergen Schmidt)
  • symmetry and symmetry breaking (Katherine Brading and Elena Castellani)
• physis and nomos — see Sophists, The
• Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni (Brian Copenhaver)
• pineal gland — see Descartes, René: and the pineal gland
• Plato (Richard Kraut)
  • aesthetics (Nickolas Pappas)
  • Callicles and Thrasymachus (Rachel Barney)
  • Cratylus (David Sedley)
  • ethics (Dorothea Frede)
  • ethics and politics in The Republic (Eric Brown)
  • friendship and eros (C. D. C. Reeve)
  • method and metaphysics in the Sophist and Statesman (Mary Louise Gill)
  • middle period metaphysics and epistemology (Allan Silverman)
  • myths (Catalin Partenie)
  • on knowledge in the Theaetetus (Timothy Chappell)
  • on utopia (Chris Bobonich and Katherine Meadows)
  • Parmenides (Samuel Rickless)
  • rhetoric and poetry (Charles L. Griswold)
  • shorter ethical works (Paul Woodruff)
  • Timaeus (Donald Zeyl)
• Platonism
  • in metaphysics (Mark Balaguer)
  • in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: Platonism
• pleasure (Leonard D. Katz)
• Plotinus (Lloyd Gerson)
• pluralism
  • religious — see religious diversity
• plurality of forms — see binarium famosissimum
• plural quantification (Øystein Linnebo)
• Plutarch (George Karamanolis)
• political obligation (Richard Dagger)
• political philosophy
  • ancient (Melissa Lane)
  • medieval (John Kilcullen)
• political realism
  • in international relations (W. Julian Korab-Karpowicz)
• political theory and religion — see religion and political theory
• Pomponazzi, Pietro (Stefano Perfetti)
• Popper, Karl (Stephen Thornton)
• population genetics — see genetics: population
• pornography
  • and censorship (Caroline West)
• Porphyry (Eyjólfur Emilsson)
• possible objects (Takashi Yagisawa)
• postmodernism (Gary Aylesworth)
• Poulain de la Barre, François (Desmond Clarke)
• poverty of the stimulus argument — see innateness: and language
• practical reason (R. Jay Wallace)
  • medieval theories of (Anthony Celano)
  • and the structure of actions (Elijah Millgram)
• pragmatic arguments and belief in God (Jeff Jordan)
• pragmatics (Kepa Korta and John Perry)
  • defaults in — see defaults in semantics and pragmatics
• pragmatism (Christopher Hookway)
• prayer
  • petitionary (Scott A. Davison)
• predicate calculus — see logic: classical
• preferences (Sven Ove Hansson and Till Grüne-Yanoff)
• preformationism — see developmental biology: epigenesis and preformationism
• pregnancy, birth, and medicine (Rebecca Kukla and Katherine Wayne)
• Presocratic Philosophy (Patricia Curd)
• presupposition (David I. Beaver and Bart Geurts)
• Prichard, Harold Arthur (Jonathan Dancy)
• Principia Mathematica (A. D. Irvine)
  • notation in (Bernard Linsky)
• principle of sufficient reason (Yitzhak Melamed and Martin Lin)
• Prior, Arthur (B. Jack Copeland)
• prisoner's dilemma (Steven Kuhn)
• privacy (Judith DeCew)
  • and medicine — see ethics, biomedical: privacy and medicine
• private language (Stewart Candlish and George Wrisley)
• probability, interpretations of (Alan Hájek)
• probability and logic — see logic: and probability
• process philosophy (Johanna Seibt)
• process theism (Donald Viney)
• Proclus (Christoph Helmig and Carlos Steel)
• procreation — see parenthood and procreation
• Prodicus — see Sophists, The
• progress (Margaret Meek Lange)
• promises (Allen Habib)
• proof theory
  • development of (Jan von Plato)
• properties (Chris Swoyer and Francesco Orilia)
  • emergent — see emergent properties
  • essential vs. accidental — see essential vs. accidental properties
• property
  • intellectual (Adam Moore)
• property and ownership (Jeremy Waldron)
• prophecy (Scott A. Davison)
• propositional attitude reports (Thomas McKay and Michael Nelson)
• propositional consequence relations in algebraic logic — see logical consequence: propositional consequence relations and algebraic logic
• propositional function (Edwin Mares)
• propositions (Matthew McGrath)
  • singular (Greg Fitch and Michael Nelson)
  • structured (Jeffrey C. King)
• providence, divine (Hugh J. McCann)
• Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (Kevin Corrigan and L. Michael Harrington)
• pseudo-science, science and — see science: and pseudo-science
• psyche — see soul, ancient theories of
• psychiatry, philosophy of (Dominic Murphy)
• psychologism (Martin Kusch)
• psychology
  • evolutionary (Stephen M. Downes)
• public health
  • ethics (Ruth Faden and Sirine Shebaya)
• publicity (Axel Gosseries)
• public reason (Jonathan Quong)
• Pufendorf, Samuel Freiherr von
  • moral and political philosophy (Michael Seidler)
• punishment (Hugo Adam Bedau and Erin Kelly)
• punishment, legal (Antony Duff)
• Pyrrho (Richard Bett)
• Pyrrhonism — see skepticism: ancient
• Pythagoras (Carl Huffman)
• Pythagoreanism (Carl Huffman)

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Q [jump to top]

• qualia (Michael Tye)
  • inverted (Alex Byrne)
  • knowledge argument (Martine Nida-Rümelin)
• qualiton — see tropes
• quantum mechanics (Jenann Ismael)
  • action at a distance in (Joseph Berkovitz)
  • Bell's Theorem — see Bell's Theorem
  • Bohmian mechanics (Sheldon Goldstein)
  • collapse theories (Giancarlo Ghirardi)
  • Copenhagen interpretation of (Jan Faye)
  • Everett's relative-state formulation of (Jeffrey Barrett)
  • Kochen-Specker theorem (Carsten Held)
  • many-worlds interpretation of (Lev Vaidman)
  • modal interpretations of (Olimpia Lombardi and Dennis Dieks)
  • relational (Federico Laudisa and Carlo Rovelli)
  • the role of decoherence in (Guido Bacciagaluppi)
• quantum theory
  • and consciousness (Harald Atmanspacher)
  • the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen argument in (Arthur Fine)
  • identity and individuality in (Steven French)
  • measurement in (Henry Krips)
  • quantum computing (Amit Hagar)
  • quantum entanglement and information (Jeffrey Bub)
  • quantum field theory (Meinard Kuhlmann)
  • quantum gravity (Steven Weinstein and Dean Rickles)
  • quantum logic and probability theory (Alexander Wilce)
  • uncertainty principle in — see Uncertainty Principle
  • von Neumann vs. Dirac (Fred Kronz and Tracy Lupher)
• Quine, Willard van Orman (Peter Hylton)
  • New Foundations (Thomas Forster)
• quotation (Herman Cappelen and Ernest Lepore)

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R [jump to top]

• race (Michael James)
• Ramsay, Allan — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Ramus, Petrus (Erland Sellberg)
• Rand, Ayn (Neera K. Badhwar and Roderick T. Long)
• randomness
  • versus chance — see chance: versus randomness
• rationalism vs. empiricism (Peter Markie)
• rationality
  • Bayesian — see epistemology: Bayesian
  • historicist theories of (Carl Matheson)
  • instrumental (Niko Kolodny and John Brunero)
• Rawls, John (Leif Wenar)
• realism (Alexander Miller)
  • challenges to metaphysical (Drew Khlentzos)
  • moral — see moral realism
  • political, in international relations — see political realism: in international relations
  • scientific — see scientific realism
  • structural — see structural realism
• reasoning
  • automated (Frederic Portoraro)
  • defeasible (Robert Koons)
  • moral (Henry S. Richardson)
• reasons for action
  • agent-neutral vs. agent-relative (Michael Ridge)
  • internal vs. external (Stephen Finlay and Mark Schroeder)
  • justification vs. explanation (James Lenman)
• recursive function — see function: recursive
• redistribution (Christian Barry)
• reduction, scientific
  • in biology (Ingo Brigandt and Alan Love)
  • in physics — see physics: intertheory relations in
• reference (Marga Reimer)
• reflective equilibrium (Norman Daniels)
• Regius, Henricus (Desmond Clarke)
• Rehberg, August Wilhelm (Fred Beiser)
• Reichenbach, Hans (Clark Glymour and Frederick Eberhardt)
• Reid, Thomas (Gideon Yaffe and Ryan Nichols)
  • ethics (Terence Cuneo)
  • on memory and personal identity (Rebecca Copenhaver)
• Reinach, Adolf (James DuBois and Barry Smith)
• Reinhold, Karl Leonhard (Dan Breazeale)
• reism (Jan Woleński)
• relations — see properties
  • medieval theories of (Jeffrey Brower)
• relativism (Chris Swoyer)
  • moral — see moral relativism
• relaton — see tropes
• reliabilism (Alvin Goldman)
• religion
  • epistemology of (Peter Forrest)
  • feminist philosophy of — see feminist (interventions): philosophy of religion
  • and morality (John Hare)
  • philosophy of (Charles Taliaferro)
  • and science (Alvin Plantinga)
• religion, phenomenology of (Mark Wynn)
• religion and political theory (Chris Eberle and Terence Cuneo)
• religious diversity (David Basinger)
• religious experience (Mark Webb)
• reparations, Black (Bernard Boxill)
• replication (David Hull and John S. Wilkins)
• representation, political (Suzanne Dovi)
• republicanism (Frank Lovett)
• repugnant conclusion, the (Gustaf Arrhenius, Jesper Ryberg, and Torbjörn Tännsjö)
• respect (Robin S. Dillon)
• responsibility
  • collective (Marion Smiley)
• Richard the Sophister [Ricardus Sophista, Magister abstractionum] (Paul Streveler)
• Ricoeur, Paul (Bernard Dauenhauer and David Pellauer)
• rights (Leif Wenar)
  • of children (David William Archard)
  • civil — see civil rights
  • group (Peter Jones)
  • human (James Nickel)
  • legal — see legal rights
• rigid designators (Joseph LaPorte)
• risk (Sven Ove Hansson)
• role obligations — see obligations: special
• Rorty, Richard (Bjørn Ramberg)
• Rosenstock-Huessy, Eugen (Wayne Cristaudo)
• Rosenzweig, Franz (Benjamin Pollock)
• Rosmini, Antonio (Denis Cleary)
• Ross, William David (Anthony Skelton)
• Rousseau, Jean Jacques (Christopher Bertram)
• Royce, Josiah (Kelly A. Parker)
• Rufus, Richard — see Richard the Sophister
• rule consequentialism — see consequentialism: rule
• Russell, Bertrand (A. D. Irvine)
  • logical atomism — see logical atomism: Russell's
  • moral philosophy (Charles Pigden)
• Russell's paradox (A. D. Irvine)
• Ryle, Gilbert (Julia Tanney)

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S [jump to top]

• Saadya [Saadiah] (Sarah Pessin)
• Śāntarakṣita (James Blumenthal)
• sale of human organs (Stephen Wilkinson)
• Santayana, George (Herman Saatkamp)
• Sartre, Jean-Paul (Thomas Flynn)
• scepticism — see skepticism
• Scheler, Max (Zachary Davis and Anthony Steinbock)
• Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von (Andrew Bowie)
• schema (John Corcoran)
• Schlegel, August Wilhelm von (Katia D. Hay)
• Schlegel, Friedrich (Allen Speight)
• Schleiermacher, Friedrich Daniel Ernst (Michael Forster)
• Schlick, Moritz (Thomas Oberdan)
• Schmitt, Carl (Lars Vinx)
• Scholem, Gershom (Shaul Magid)
• School of Names (Chris Fraser)
• Schopenhauer, Arthur (Robert Wicks)
  • aesthetics (Sandra Shapshay)
• Schutz, Alfred (Michael Barber)
• science
  • models in — see models in science
  • and pseudo-science (Sven Ove Hansson)
  • theory and observation in (Jim Bogen)
  • unity of (Jordi Cat)
• scientific explanation (James Woodward)
• scientific knowledge
  • social dimensions of (Helen Longino)
• scientific progress (Ilkka Niiniluoto)
• scientific realism (Anjan Chakravartty)
• scientific revolutions (Thomas Nickles)
• scientific theories
  • incommensurability of — see incommensurability: of scientific theories
  • underdetermination of — see underdetermination, of scientific theories
• Scottish Philosophy
  • in the 18th Century (Alexander Broadie)
  • in the 19th century (Gordon Graham)
• Scottus [Scotus] Eriugena [Erigena], John — see Eriugena, John Scottus
• Scotus, John Duns — see Duns Scotus, John
• Scudéry, Madeleine de (John Conley)
• search engines and ethics (Herman Tavani)
• Sebond, Raymond — see Montaigne, Michel de
• secession (Allen Buchanan)
• self
  • the biological notion of (Alfred Tauber)
  • feminist perspectives on the — see feminist (topics): perspectives on the self
  • knowledge — see self-knowledge
• self-consciousness
  • phenomenological approaches to (Shaun Gallagher and Dan Zahavi)
• self-deception (Ian Deweese-Boyd)
• self-knowledge (Brie Gertler)
  • and externalism — see externalism: and self-knowledge
• self-reference (Thomas Bolander)
• self-respect — see respect
• Sellars, Wilfrid (Willem deVries)
• semantics
  • defaults in — see defaults in semantics and pragmatics
  • dynamic (Jan van Eijck and Albert Visser)
  • Montague (Theo M. V. Janssen)
  • proof-theoretic (Peter Schroeder-Heister)
  • two-dimensional (Laura Schroeter)
• semiotics
  • medieval (Stephan Meier-Oeser)
• Seneca (Katja Vogt)
• sense-data (Michael Huemer)
• sensibility theory — see fitting attitude theories of value
• set theory (Thomas Jech)
  • alternative axiomatic theories (M. Randall Holmes)
  • constructive and Intuitionistic ZF (Laura Crosilla)
  • continuum hypothesis (Peter Koellner)
  • early development (José Ferreirós)
  • independence and large cardinals (Peter Koellner)
  • large cardinals and determinacy (Peter Koellner)
  • non-wellfounded (Lawrence S. Moss)
• Shaftesbury, Lord [Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of] (Michael B. Gill)
  • theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
• Sharpe, Johannes (Alessandro Conti)
• Sidgwick, Henry (Barton Schultz)
• Simon of Faversham (John Longeway)
• simplicity (Alan Baker)
  • divine (William F. Vallicella)
• Simpson's paradox (Gary Malinas and John Bigelow)
• simulations in science (Eric Winsberg)
• singular terms
  • medieval theories of (E. Jennifer Ashworth)
• situations
  • in natural language semantics (Angelika Kratzer)
• skepticism (Peter Klein)
  • ancient (Katja Vogt)
  • and content externalism (Tony Brueckner)
  • medieval (Charles Bolyard)
  • moral — see moral skepticism
• Skolem's paradox — see paradox: Skolem's
• Smith, Adam — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
  • moral and political philosophy (Samuel Fleischacker)
• Smith, John — see Cambridge Platonists
• social construction
  • naturalistic approaches to (Ron Mallon)
• social contract — see contractarianism
  • contemporary approaches to (Fred D'Agostino, Gerald Gaus, and John Thrasher)
• social institutions (Seumas Miller)
• social minimum [basic income] (Stuart White)
• social networking and ethics (Shannon Vallor)
• social norms (Cristina Bicchieri and Ryan Muldoon)
• sociobiology (Harmon Holcomb and Jason Byron)
• Socrates (Debra Nails)
• sophismata [= sophisms] (Fabienne Pironet and Joke Spruyt)
• Sophists, The (C.C.W. Taylor and Mi-Kyoung Lee)
• Sorites paradox (Dominic Hyde)
• sortals (Richard E. Grandy)
• soul, ancient theories of (Hendrik Lorenz)
• sounds (Roberto Casati and Jerome Dokic)
• sovereignty (Dan Philpott)
• space and time
  • absolute and relational theories of space and motion (Nick Huggett and Carl Hoefer)
  • being and becoming in modern physics (Steven Savitt)
  • conventionality of simultaneity (Allen Janis)
  • the hole argument (John D. Norton)
  • inertial frames (Robert DiSalle)
  • singularities and black holes (Erik Curiel and Peter Bokulich)
  • supertasks (Jon Pérez Laraudogoitia)
• species (Marc Ereshefsky)
• speech acts (Mitchell Green)
• Spencer, Herbert (David Weinstein)
• Speusippus (Russell Dancy)
• Spinoza, Baruch (Steven Nadler)
  • modal metaphysics (Samuel Newlands)
  • physical theory (Richard Manning)
  • political philosophy (Justin Steinberg)
  • psychological theory (Michael LeBuffe)
  • theory of attributes (Noa Shein)
  • theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
• square of opposition (Terence Parsons)
• St. Petersburg paradox (Robert Martin)
• states of affairs (Mark Textor)
• statistical physics
  • Boltzmann's work in (Jos Uffink)
  • philosophy of statistical mechanics (Lawrence Sklar)
• stem cell research, ethics of — see ethics, biomedical: stem cell research
• Sterry, Peter — see Cambridge Platonists
• Stevenson, Charles Leslie (Daniel R. Boisvert)
• Stewart, Dugald — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Stirner, Max (David Leopold)
• Stoicism (Dirk Baltzly)
• Strauss, Leo (Leora Batnitzky)
• Strawson, Peter Frederick (Paul Snowdon)
• structuralism
  • in physics — see physics: structuralism in
• structural realism (James Ladyman)
• Stumpf, Carl (Denis Fisette)
• style
  • in mathematics (Paolo Mancosu)
• substance (Howard Robinson)
• substructural logics — see logic: substructural
• Suhrawardi (Roxanne Marcotte)
• suicide (Michael Cholbi)
• supererogation (David Heyd)
• supervenience (Brian McLaughlin and Karen Bennett)
• surrogate decision-making for incompetent individuals — see advance directives
• suspense, paradox of (Aaron Smuts)
• syllogism
  • medieval theories of (Henrik Lagerlund)
• symmetry and symmetry breaking — see physics: symmetry and symmetry breaking
• synthetic — see analytic/synthetic distinction
• Syrianus (Christian Wildberg)

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T [jump to top]

• Taoism (Chad Hansen)
  • Neo-Taoism — see Neo-Taoism
• Tarski, Alfred (Mario Gómez-Torrente)
  • truth definitions (Wilfrid Hodges)
• techne — see episteme and techne
• technology, philosophy of (Maarten Franssen, Gert-Jan Lokhorst, and Ibo van de Poel)
• teleology
  • teleological arguments for God's existence (Del Ratzsch)
  • teleological notions in biology (Colin Allen)
  • teleological theories of mental content — see mental content: teleological theories of
• Telesio, Bernardino (Michaela Boenke)
• temporal consciousness — see consciousness: temporal
• temporal parts (Katherine Hawley)
• terms, properties of
  • medieval theories of (Stephen Read)
• terrorism (Igor Primoratz)
• testimony
  • epistemological problems of (Jonathan Adler)
• theism
  • atheism and agnosticism — see atheism and agnosticism
  • monotheism — see monotheism
  • panentheism — see panentheism
  • pantheism — see pantheism
  • process — see process theism
• Theology of Aristotle (Peter Adamson)
• theoretical terms in science (Holger Andreas)
• Thomas of Erfurt (Jack Zupko)
• Thoreau, Henry David (Rick Anthony Furtak)
• thought experiments (James Robert Brown and Yiftach Fehige)
• Thrasymachus — see Plato: Callicles and Thrasymachus
• Tibbon, Samuel Ibn (James T. Robinson)
• Tibetan epistemology and philosophy of language (Pascale Hugon)
• time (Ned Markosian)
  • being and becoming in modern physics — see space and time: being and becoming in modern physics
  • the experience and perception of (Robin Le Poidevin)
  • thermodynamic asymmetry in (Craig Callender)
• time machines (John Earman and Christian Wüthrich)
• time travel
  • and modern physics (Frank Arntzenius and Tim Maudlin)
• Timon of Phlius (Richard Bett)
• toleration (Rainer Forst)
• tort law, theories of (Jules Coleman and Gabriel Mendlow)
• torture (Seumas Miller)
• transcendental arguments (Robert Stern)
  • Kant — see Kant, Immanuel: transcendental arguments
• transcendentalism (Russell Goodman)
• transcendentals, medieval theories of (Wouter Goris and Jan Aertsen)
• trans issues, feminist perspectives on — see feminist (topics): perspectives on trans issues
• transworld identity — see identity: transworld
• trinity (Dale Tuggy)
• tropes (John Bacon)
• trust (Carolyn McLeod)
• truth (Michael Glanzberg)
  • axiomatic theories of (Volker Halbach)
  • coherence theory of (James O. Young)
  • correspondence theory of (Marian David)
  • deflationary theory of (Daniel Stoljar and Nic Damnjanovic)
  • identity theory of (Stewart Candlish and Nic Damnjanovic)
  • pluralist theories of (Nikolaj Jang Lee Linding Pedersen and Cory Wright)
  • revision theory of (Philip Kremer)
  • Tarski's theory of truth — see Tarski, Alfred: truth definitions
• truthlikeness (Graham Oddie)
• truthmakers (Fraser MacBride)
• truth values (Yaroslav Shramko and Heinrich Wansing)
• Tsongkhapa (Gareth Sparham)
• Turing, Alan (Andrew Hodges)
• Turing machines (David Barker-Plummer)
• Turing test (Graham Oppy and David Dowe)
• Turnbull, George — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Twardowski, Kazimierz (Arianna Betti)
• two truths in India, theory of (Sonam Thakchoe)
• two truths in Tibet, theory of (Sonam Thakchoe)
• types and tokens (Linda Wetzel)
• type theory (Thierry Coquand)
  • Church's type theory (Peter Andrews)

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U [jump to top]

• Umar Khayyam (Mehdi Aminrazavi and Glen Van Brummelen)
• Uncertainty Principle (Jan Hilgevoord and Jos Uffink)
• underdetermination, of scientific theories (Kyle Stanford)
• unity of science — see science: unity of
• universal hylomorphism — see binarium famosissimum
• universals — see properties
  • the medieval problem of (Gyula Klima)
• utilitarianism — see consequentialism
  • history of (Julia Driver)
  • rule — see consequentialism: rule

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V [jump to top]

• vagueness (Roy Sorensen)
• vagueness of composition — see many, problem of
• validity — see logical truth
• Valla, Lorenzo (Lodi Nauta)
• value
  • incommensurable (Nien-hê Hsieh)
  • intrinsic vs. extrinsic (Michael J. Zimmerman)
  • of knowledge — see knowledge, value of
  • pluralism (Elinor Mason)
• value theory (Mark Schroeder)
• Vasubandhu (Jonathan C. Gold)
• veil of ignorance — see original position
• verbs, intensional transitive — see intensional transitive verbs
• verisimilitude — see truthlikeness
• Vico, Giambattista (Timothy Costelloe)
• Vienna Circle (Thomas Uebel)
• virtue
  • ancient theories of — see ethics: ancient
• virtue ethics — see ethics: virtue
• Viterbo, James of — see James of Viterbo
• Vives, Juan Luis (Lorenzo Casini)
• volition — see free will
• Voltaire (J.B. Shank)
• voluntarism, theological (Mark Murphy)
• voting
  • methods (Eric Pacuit)

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W [jump to top]

• war (Brian Orend)
• Ward, James (Pierfrancesco Basile)
• Watsuji Tetsurô (Robert Carter)
• weakness of will (Sarah Stroud)
• Weber, Max (Sung Ho Kim)
• well-being (Roger Crisp)
• Weyl, Hermann (John L. Bell and Herbert Korté)
• Whewell, William (Laura J. Snyder)
• Whichcote, Benjamin — see Cambridge Platonists
• Whitehead, Alfred North (A. D. Irvine)
• William of Auvergne (Neil Lewis)
• William of Champeaux (Kevin Guilfoy)
• William of Ockham — see Ockham, William
• Williams, Bernard (Timothy Chappell)
• Williams, Donald Cary (Keith Campbell, James Franklin, and Douglas Ehring)
• Wilson, John Cook (Mathieu Marion)
• wisdom (Sharon Ryan)
• Wittgenstein, Ludwig (Anat Biletzki and Anat Matar)
  • aesthetics (Garry Hagberg)
  • logical atomism (Ian Proops)
  • philosophy of mathematics (Victor Rodych)
• Wodeham, Adam de (John T. Slotemaker and Jeffrey C. Witt)
• Wolff, Christian (Matt Hettche)
• Wollstonecraft, Mary (Sylvana Tomaselli)
• world government (Catherine Lu)
• worlds
  • impossible — see impossible worlds
• Wright, Chauncey (Jean De Groot)
• Wundt, Wilhelm Maximilian (Alan Kim)
• Wyclif, John (Alessandro Conti)
  • political Philosophy (Stephen Lahey)

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X [jump to top]

• Xenocrates (Russell Dancy)
• Xenophanes (James Lesher)
• Xunzi (Dan Robins)

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Y [jump to top]

• Yorck von Wartenburg, Count Paul (Ingo Farin)

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Z [jump to top]

• Zabarella, Giacomo (Heikki Mikkeli)
• Zeno of Elea (John Palmer)
  • Zeno's paradoxes (Nick Huggett)
• Zhuangzi (Harold Roth)
• zombies (Robert Kirk)