A

• Abd al-Jabbar
• abduction (Igor Douven)
• Abelard [Abailard], Peter (Peter King)
• Abhidharma (Noa Ronkin)
• abilities (John Maier)
• Abner of Burgos (Charles Manekin)
• abortion (Margaret Little)
• Abrabanel, Judah (Aaron Hughes)
• abstract objects (Gideon Rosen)
• Academy, Plato's (Wolfgang Mann)
• accidental properties — see essential vs. accidental properties
• Achillini, Alessandro
• action (George Wilson)
  • joint — see agency: shared
  • logic of — see logic: action
• action, divine
• action at a distance — see quantum mechanics: action at a distance in
• actualism (Christopher Menzel)
• adaptation and adaptationism (Steven Orzack and Patrick Forber)
• Addams, Jane (Maurice Hamington)
• Adorno, Theodor
  • aesthetics — see aesthetics: Adorno and the Frankfurt School
• Adorno, Theodor W. (Lambert Zuidervaart)
• advance directives (Agnieszka Jaworska)
• Aegidius Romanus — see Giles of Rome
• Aenesidemus — see skepticism: ancient
• aesthetic, concept of the (James Shelley)
• aesthetics
  • 19th Century Romantic
  • Adorno and the Frankfurt School
  • aesthetic judgment (Nick Zangwill)
  • Africana — see African Philosophy: Africana aesthetics
  • Beardsley — see Beardsley, Monroe C.: aesthetics
  • British, in the 18th century (James Shelley)
  • and cognitive science (Dustin Stokes and Amy Coplan)
  • Collingwood — see Collingwood, Robin George: aesthetics
  • Croce — see Croce, Benedetto: aesthetics
  • Dewey — see Dewey, John: aesthetics
  • environmental (Allen Carlson)
  • existentialist (Jean-Philippe Deranty)
  • feminist — see feminist (interventions): aesthetics
  • French, in the 18th century (Jacques Morizot)
  • Gadamer — see Gadamer, Hans-Georg: aesthetics
  • German, in the 18th century (Paul Guyer)
  • Goodman — see Goodman, Nelson: aesthetics
  • Hegel — see Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: aesthetics
  • Heidegger — see Heidegger, Martin: aesthetics
  • Hume — see Hume, David: aesthetics
  • Husserl and phenomenology
  • Japanese — see Japanese Philosophy: aesthetics
  • late ancient and medieval
  • Nietzsche — see Nietzsche, Friedrich: aesthetics
  • and the philosophy of art
  • Plato — see Plato: aesthetics
  • Schopenhauer — see Schopenhauer, Arthur: aesthetics
  • Wittgenstein — see Wittgenstein, Ludwig: aesthetics
• affirmative action (Robert Fullinwider)
• Africana Philosophy (Lucius Outlaw)
• African Philosophy
  • Africana aesthetics
  • communal basis of African art (Ifeanyi Menkiti)
  • ethics (Kwame Gyekye)
  • ethnophilosophy
  • in Anglophone Africa
  • in Francophone Africa
  • meta-philosophy
  • philosophy of religion
  • sage philosophy (Dismas Masolo)
• Afro-Caribbean Philosophy
• afterlife (William Hasker)
• agency
  • shared (Abraham Sesshu Roth)
• agent-relative vs. agent-neutral reasons — see reasons for action: agent-neutral vs. agent-relative
• agnosticism — see atheism and agnosticism
• Agricola, Rudolf
• Agrippa — see skepticism: ancient
• Agrippa von Nettesheim, Heinrich Cornelius (Charles Nauert)
• Akan Philosophy
  • ethics and political philosophy
  • of the person (Ajume Wingo)
• akrasia — see weakness of will
• Al-Biruni
• Al-Farabi (Therese-Anne Druart)
• Al-Ghazali (Frank Griffel)
• Al-Kindi (Peter Adamson)
• Al-Razi [Fakhr al-Din]
• Alan of Lille
• Alberti, Leon Battista
• Albert of Saxony (Joél Biard)
• Albert the Great [= Albertus magnus] (Markus Führer)
• Albo, Joseph (Dror Ehrlich)
• Alcinous
• Alcmaeon (Carl Huffman)
• Alcuin
• Alemanno, Yohanan
• Alexander, Samuel
• Alexander of Aphrodisias (Dorothea Frede)
• algebra (Vaughan Pratt)
  • algebraizations of logics with semantics — see logic: algebraizations of logics with semantics
  • Boolean — see Boolean algebra
• algebra of logic tradition (Stanley Burris)
• Alhacen — see Ibn al-Haytham
• alienation
• Althusser, Louis (William Lewis)
• altruism (David Phillips)
  • biological (Samir Okasha)
• Alyngton, Robert (Alessandro Conti)
• ambiguity (Adam Sennet)
• Ammonius (David Blank)
• Ammonius Saccas — see Plotinus
• analogy
  • medieval theories of (E. Jennifer Ashworth)
• analogy and analogical reasoning (Paul Bartha)
• analysis (Michael Beaney)
• analytic/synthetic distinction (Georges Rey)
• anaphora (Jeffrey C. King)
• anarchism (Rob Sparrow)
• Anaxagoras (Patricia Curd)
• Anaxarchus — see Pyrrho
• Anaximander
• Anaximenes
• Anderson, John
• Andronicus of Rhodes — see Aristotle, commentators on
• animal consciousness — see consciousness: animal
• animalism (Stephan Blatti)
• animal research, ethics of — see ethics, biomedical: research on animals
• animals, moral status of (Lori Gruen)
• anomalous monism (Steven Yalowitz)
• Anscombe, Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret (Julia Driver)
• Anselm, Saint [Anselm of Bec, Anselm of Canterbury] (Thomas Williams)
• Anthony, Susan B.
• anti-realism
• anti-realism, moral — see moral anti-realism
• Antiochus of Ascalon (James Allen)
• Antiphon
• Antisthenes
• a posteriori knowledge — see a priori justification and knowledge
• appearance vs. reality
  • epistemological problems of perception — see perception: epistemological problems of
  • skepticism — see skepticism
• a priori justification and knowledge (Bruce Russell)
• Aquinas, Saint Thomas (Ralph McInerny and John O'Callaghan)
  • moral, political, and legal philosophy (John Finnis)
• Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, disciplines in
  • epistemology and philosophy of science
  • ethics and action theory
  • metaphysics (Amos Bertolacci)
  • natural philosophy and natural science (Jon McGinnis)
  • philosophy of language and logic (Tony Street)
  • philosophy of religion
  • political philosophy
  • psychology and philosophy of mind (Alfred Ivry)
• Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, historical and methodological topics in
  • Arabic and Islamic Theological Philosophy (Kalam)
  • Greek sources (Cristina D'Ancona)
  • influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on Judaic thought (Mauro Zonta)
  • influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on the Latin West (Dag Nikolaus Hasse)
  • interpretations of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy
• Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, special topics in
  • causation and occasionalism
  • essence and existence (Allan Bäck)
  • eternity and time (Taneli Kukkonen)
  • Ibn Kammuna — see Ibn Kammuna
  • Ikhwan al-Safa (Carmela Baffioni)
  • illuminationism
  • intentions and intentionality (Deborah Black)
  • medical philosophy, Greek and Syriac sources
  • medicine and medical philosophy
  • mysticism (Mehdi Aminrazavi)
  • prophecy
• Arcesilaus (Charles Brittain)
• architecture, philosophy and (Michael Levine and Bill Taylor)
• Archytas (Carl Huffman)
• Arendt, Hannah (Maurizio Passerin d'Entreves)
• arete — see ethics: ancient
• argument
• Argyropoulos, John
• Aristippus — see Cyrenaics
• Ariston of Chios
• Aristotelianism
  • commentators on Aristotle — see Aristotle, commentators on
  • in the Renaissance (Heinrich Kuhn)
• Aristotle (Christopher Shields)
• Aristotle, commentators on (Andrea Falcon)
  • Alexander of Aphrosias — see Alexander of Aphrodisias
  • Ammonius — see Ammonius
  • David — see David
  • Elias — see Elias
  • Olympiodorus — see Olympiodorus
  • Philoponus — see Philoponus
  • Simplicius — see Simplicius
  • Themistius — see Themistius
• Aristotle, General Topics
  • biology (James Lennox)
  • categories (Paul Studtmann)
  • ethics (Richard Kraut)
  • logic (Robin Smith)
  • metaphysics (S. Marc Cohen)
  • poetics (Pierre Destrée)
  • political theory (Fred Miller)
  • psychology (Christopher Shields)
  • rhetoric (Christof Rapp)
• Aristotle, Special Topics
  • causality (Andrea Falcon)
  • mathematics (Henry Mendell)
  • natural philosophy (Istvan Bodnar)
  • on non-contradiction (Paula Gottlieb)
  • textual transmission of Aristotelian corpus
• Arnauld, Antoine (Elmar Kremer)
• Arouet, François-Marie — see Voltaire
• art, conceptual (Elisabeth Schellekens)
• art, definition of (Thomas Adajian)
• art, philosophy of — see aesthetics: and the philosophy of art
• artifact (Risto Hilpinen)
• artificial-intelligence
  • ethical issues in (James Moor)
• artificial intelligence (Selmer Bringsjord)
  • logic and (Richmond Thomason)
• Asaṅga (Jonathan C. Gold)
• aspect — see tense and aspect
• assertion (Peter Pagin)
• Astell, Mary (Alice Sowaal)
• atheism and agnosticism (J. J. C. Smart)
• atomism
  • 17th to 20th century (Alan Chalmers)
  • ancient (Sylvia Berryman)
• atonement (Thomas D. Senor)
• attention (Christopher Mole)
• attributes — see properties
• auditory perception — see perception: auditory
• Augustine, Saint (Michael Mendelson)
  • relation to Greek philosophy (Charles Brittain)
• Auriol [Aureol, Aureoli], Peter (Russell L. Friedman)
• Austin, John (Brian Bix)
• Austin, John Langshaw (Mark Kaplan)
• authority (Tom Christiano)
  • legal — see legal obligation and authority
• automated reasoning — see reasoning: automated
• autonomy
  • and informed consent — see informed consent
  • in moral and political philosophy (John Christman)
  • personal (Sarah Buss)
  • political — see self-determination, collective
• Averroes — see Ibn Rushd
• Avicebron (Ibn Gabirol) (Sarah Pessin)
• Avicenna [Ibn Sina] (Robert Wisnovsky)
• Ayer, Alfred Jules (Graham Macdonald)

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B [jump to top]

• Bacon, Francis (Juergen Klein)
• Bacon, Roger (Jeremiah Hackett)
• Bain, Alexander — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
• Barbaro, Ermolao
• Barré, François Poullain de la
• basing relation, epistemic (Keith Allen Korcz)
• Baudrillard, Jean (Douglas Kellner)
• Bauer, Bruno (Douglas Moggach)
• Bayes' Theorem (James Joyce)
• Bayle, Pierre (Thomas M. Lennon and Michael Hickson)
• Beardsley, Monroe C.
  • aesthetics (Michael Wreen)
• Beattie, James — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• beauty
• Beauvoir, Simone de (Debra Bergoffen)
• Beecher, Catharine Ward
• behaviorism (George Graham)
• being — see existence
• being and becoming — see time
  • in modern physics — see space and time: being and becoming in modern physics
• belief (Eric Schwitzgebel)
• belief, ethics of (Andrew Chignell)
• belief, formal representations of (Franz Huber)
• belief merging and judgment aggregation
• Bell's Theorem (Abner Shimony)
• beneficence, principle of (Tom Beauchamp)
• Beneke, Friedrich Eduard
• Benjamin, Walter (Peter Osborne and Matthew Charles)
• Bentham, Jeremy
  • political philosophy
• Bergmann, Gustav
• Bergson, Henri (Leonard Lawlor and Valentine Moulard)
• Berkeley, George (Lisa Downing)
• Berlin, Isaiah (Joshua Cherniss and Henry Hardy)
• Bessarion, Basil [Cardinal] (John Monfasani)
• Bhartṛhari
• Biel, Gabriel
• binarium famosissimum [= most famous pair] (Paul Vincent Spade)
• biocomplexity
• biodiversity — see ecology: biodiversity
• biological information — see information: biological
• biology
  • conservation — see conservation biology
  • developmental — see developmental biology
  • experiment in (Marcel Weber)
  • molecular — see molecular biology
  • notion of individual (Robert A. Wilson)
  • notion of self — see self: the biological notion of
  • philosophy of (Paul Griffiths)
  • reduction in — see reduction, scientific: in biology
  • teleological notions in — see teleology: teleological notions in biology
• biology, philosophy of
  • feminist — see feminist (interventions): philosophy of biology
• Black identity and race — see race: and Black identity
• Blackwell, Antoinette Brown
• Blair, Hugh — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Bloch, Ernst
• Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich
• Bodin, Jean (Mario Turchetti)
• body — see substance
• Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus (John Marenbon)
• Bohr, Niels
  • correspondence principle (Alisa Bokulich)
• Boltzmann, Ludwig
• Bolzano, Bernard (Edgar Morscher)
  • logic (Jan Sebestik)
• Bonaventure, Saint (Tim Noone and R. E. Houser)
• Book of Causes [= Liber de causis]
• Book of Six Principles [= Liber de sex principiis]
• Boole, George (Stanley Burris)
• Boolean algebra
  • the mathematics of (J. Donald Monk)
• Bosanquet, Bernard (William Sweet)
• boundary (Achille Varzi)
• Boyle, Robert (J. J. MacIntosh and Peter Anstey)
• Bradley, Francis Herbert (Stewart Candlish and Pierfrancesco Basile)
  • moral and political philosophy
• Bradwardine, Thomas
• brain death — see death: definition of
• brains in a vat (Tony Brueckner)
• Brentano, Franz (Wolfgang Huemer)
  • theory of judgement (Johannes Brandl)
• Broad, Charlie Dunbar (Kent Gustavsson)
• Brouwer, Luitzen Egbertus Jan (Mark van Atten)
• Brown, Thomas — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
• Bruni, Leonardo
• Bruno, Giordano (Dilwyn Knox)
• Buber, Martin (Michael Zank)
• Buddha (Mark Siderits)
• Buddhism
  • Chinese
  • Zen — see Japanese Philosophy: Zen Buddhism
• Büchner, Ludwig
• bundle theory — see substance
• Buridan, John [Jean] (Jack Zupko)
• Burke, Edmund (Ian Harris)
• Burley [Burleigh], Walter (Alessandro Conti)
• Burnet, James [Lord Monboddo] — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Butler, Joseph
  • moral philosophy
• Byzantine philosophy (Katerina Ierodiakonou and Börje Bydén)

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C [jump to top]

• Cabanis, Pierre Jean George
• Caird, Edward — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
• Calcidius
• Callicles — see Plato: Callicles and Thrasymachus
• Cambridge Platonists (Sarah Hutton)
• Campanella, Tommaso (Germana Ernst)
• Campbell, George — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Camus, Albert (Ron Aronson)
• Cantor, Georg
• capability approach (Ingrid Robeyns)
• Cardano, Girolamo [Geronimo]
• Carmichael, Gershom — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Carnap, Rudolf (Hannes Leitgeb)
• Carneades (James Allen)
• Case, John
• Cassirer, Ernst (Michael Friedman)
• Castellio, Sebastian
• Castiglione, Baldassare
• casuistry — see reasoning: moral
• categories (Amie Thomasson)
  • ancient
  • medieval theories of (Jorge Gracia and Lloyd Newton)
• category theory (Jean-Pierre Marquis)
• causation
  • backward (Jan Faye)
  • causal processes (Phil Dowe)
  • counterfactual theories of (Peter Menzies)
  • in the law (Antony Honoré)
  • and manipulability (James Woodward)
  • medieval theories of (Graham White)
  • mental — see mental causation
  • the metaphysics of (Jonathan Schaffer)
  • probabilistic (Christopher Hitchcock)
  • regularity theories of
• Cavendish, Margaret Lucas (David Cunning)
• Celsus
• censorship — see pornography: and censorship
• certainty (Baron Reed)
• Cesalpino, Andrea
• ceteris paribus laws — see laws of nature: ceteris paribus
• Chaldaean Oracles
• chance
  • versus randomness (Antony Eagle)
• change (Chris Mortensen)
• chaos (Robert Bishop)
• Chapone, Hester
• character, moral (Marcia Homiak)
• character/trait
• Chartres, school of
• Châtalet, Émilie du (Karen Detlefsen)
• Chatton, Walter (Rondo Keele)
• chemistry, philosophy of (Michael Weisberg, Paul Needham, and Robin Hendry)
• childhood, the philosophy of (Gareth Matthews)
• children, philosophy for (Michael Pritchard)
• chimeras, human/non-human — see ethics, biomedical: chimeras, human/non-human
• Chinese ethics — see ethics: Chinese
• Chinese Philosophy
  • legalism
• Chinese room argument (David Cole)
• Chisholm, Roderick (Richard Feldman and Fred Feldman)
• choice, axiom of (John L. Bell)
• choice, dynamic (Chrisoula Andreou)
• choice, social — see social choice theory
• Christian theology, philosophy and (Michael Murray and Michael Rea)
• Christine de Pizan [Pisan]
• Chrysippus
• Church, Alonzo (Harry Deutsch)
  • logic, contributions to (C. Anthony Anderson)
• Church-Turing Thesis (B. Jack Copeland)
• Church's Thesis — see Church-Turing Thesis
• Cicero (Charles Brittain)
• Cieszkowski, August
• citizenship (Dominique Leydet)
• Civic education (Jack Crittenden)
• civic humanism (Athanasios Moulakis)
• civil disobedience (Kimberley Brownlee)
• civil rights (Andrew Altman)
• civil society
• Clarke, Samuel (Ezio Vailati and Timothy Yenter)
• Classical Indian Philosophy
  • concept of emotion (Joerg Tuske)
  • epistemology
  • language and testimony (Madhav Deshpande)
  • logic (Brendan Gillon)
  • mental causation and consciousness (Sthaneshwar Timalsina)
  • naturalism (Amita Chatterjee)
  • perceptual experience and concepts (Monima Chadha)
  • personhood
  • self-knowledge (Manidipa Sen)
• Cleanthes
• Clement of Alexandria — see doxography of ancient philosophy
• Clifford, William Kingdon
• climate justice — see justice: climate
• clinical research, ethics of — see ethics, biomedical: clinical research
• cloning (Katrien Devolder)
• Cockburn, Catharine Trotter (Patricia Sheridan)
• coercion (Scott Anderson)
• cognition
  • embodied (Robert A. Wilson)
  • motor-based theories of — see motor-based theories of perception and cognition
• cognition, animal (Kristin Andrews)
• cognitive disability — see disability: cognitive
• cognitive science (Paul Thagard)
• cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism, moral (Mark van Roojen)
• Cohen, Hermann (Scott Edgar)
• Coignet, Clarisse
• Coimbra
  • University of
• Collingwood, Robin George (Giuseppina D'Oro)
  • aesthetics (Gary Kemp)
• Collins, Anthony (William Uzgalis)
• colonialism (Margaret Kohn)
• color (Barry Maund)
• common good
• common knowledge (Peter Vanderschraaf and Giacomo Sillari)
• communitarianism (Daniel Bell)
• comparative philosophy
  • Chinese and Western (David Wong)
• compatibilism (Michael McKenna)
• competence, in biomedical decision-making — see decision-making capacity
• complexity
  • biocomplexity — see biocomplexity
  • computatbility and — see computability and complexity
  • and information theory
• composition, the vagueness of — see many, problem of
• compositionality (Zoltán Gendler Szabó)
• computability
  • historical development of (Jean Mosconi and Jacques Dubucs)
• computability and complexity (Neil Immerman)
• computation
  • in physical systems (Gualtiero Piccinini)
• computational linguistics — see linguistics: computational
• computational theory of mind — see mind: computational theory of
• computer and information ethics (Terrell Bynum)
• computer science, philosophy of (Raymond Turner and Amnon Eden)
• computing
  • modern history of (B. Jack Copeland)
  • and moral responsibility (Kari Gwen Coleman)
• Comte, Auguste (Michel Bourdeau)
• concepts (Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence)
• conceptualism
• condemnation of 1277 (Hans Thijssen)
• Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de (Lorne Falkenstein)
• conditionals (Dorothy Edgington)
  • counterfactual (Kai von Fintel)
  • logic of — see logic: conditionals
• Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de
  • in the history of feminism (Joan Landes)
• confirmation (Branden Fitelson)
• Confucianism
  • Neo-Confucianism — see Neo-Confucianism
• Confucius (Jeffrey Riegel)
• connectionism (James Garson)
• connectives
  • sentence connectives in formal logic (Lloyd Humberstone)
• conscience
  • medieval theories of (Douglas Langston)
• consciousness (Robert Van Gulick)
  • 17th century theories of (Larry Jorgensen)
  • animal (Colin Allen)
  • higher-order theories (Peter Carruthers)
  • and intentionality (Charles Siewert)
  • neuroscience of (Ned Block)
  • representational theories of (William Lycan)
  • self-, empirical approaches to — see self-consciousness: empirical approaches to
  • temporal (Barry Dainton)
  • unity of (Andrew Brook and Paul Raymont)
• consensus
• consent — see political obligation
• consequentialism (Walter Sinnott-Armstrong)
  • rule (Brad Hooker)
• conservation biology (Sahotra Sarkar)
• conservatism (Chandran Kukathas)
• constitutionalism (Wil Waluchow)
• constructive empiricism (Bradley Monton and Chad Mohler)
• constructive type theory — see type theory: constructive
• constructivism
  • in metaethics (Carla Bagnoli)
  • in political philosophy (Andrew Williams)
• content — see mental content
• contextualism, epistemic (Patrick Rysiew)
• Continental Rationalism (Thomas M. Lennon and Shannon Dea)
• contingent truth — see truth: necessary vs. contingent
• continuant — see change
• continuity and infinitesimals (John L. Bell)
• Continuum Hypothesis, The (Peter Koellner)
• contractarianism (Ann Cudd)
• contracts, theories of
• contractualism (Elizabeth Ashford and Tim Mulgan)
• contradiction (Laurence R. Horn)
• convention (Michael Rescorla)
• Conway, Lady Anne (Sarah Hutton)
• Cooper, Anna Julia (Kathryn T. Gines)
• Copernicus, Nicolaus (Sheila Rabin)
• Cordemoy, Geraud de (Fred Ablondi)
• corruption (Seumas Miller)
• cosmological argument (Bruce Reichenbach)
• cosmology
  • ancient
  • methodological debates in the 1930s and 1940s (George Gale)
  • and theology
• cosmopolitanism (Pauline Kleingeld and Eric Brown)
• counterfactuals — see conditionals: counterfactual
• counterpart theory — see possible objects
• Cousin, Victor
• Crathorn, William (Aurélien Robert)
• Cratylus
• creation and conservation (Jonathan Kvanvig)
• creationism (Michael Ruse)
• Cremonini, Cesare
• Crescas, Hasdai (James T. Robinson)
• criminal law, theories of (Antony Duff)
• critical theory (James Bohman)
• Croce, Benedetto
  • aesthetics (Gary Kemp)
• Crummell, Alexander (Stephen Thompson)
• Cudworth, Ralph — see Cambridge Platonists
• cultural evolution — see evolution: cultural
• culture
  • and cognitive science (Jesse Prinz)
• Culverwell, Nathaniel — see Cambridge Platonists
• Curry's paradox (JC Beall)
• Cusanus, Nicolaus [Nicolas of Cusa] (Clyde Lee Miller)
• Cynics, ancient
• Cyrenaics
• Czolbe, Heinrich

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D [jump to top]

• Damascius
• Damian, Peter (Toivo J. Holopainen)
• Dante Alighieri (Winthrop Wetherbee)
• Daoism — see Taoism
  • Neo-Daoism — see Neo-Taoism
• Darwin, Charles
• Darwinism (James Lennox)
• Dasein — see Heidegger, Martin
• Daud, Abraham Ibn — see Ibn Daud, Abraham
• David (Christian Wildberg)
• Davidson, Donald (Jeff Malpas)
• death (Steven Luper)
  • definition of (David DeGrazia)
• de Beauvoir, Simone — see Beauvoir, Simone de
• deception
  • definition of — see lying and deception: definition of
  • self — see self-deception
• decision-making capacity (Louis Charland)
• decision theory
  • causal (Paul Weirich)
• deconstruction
• Dedekind, Richard
  • contributions to the foundations of mathematics (Erich Reck)
• defaults in semantics and pragmatics (K. M. Jaszczolt)
• definitions (Anil Gupta)
• deism
  • in the 18th century
• Deleuze, Gilles (Daniel Smith and John Protevi)
• Del Medigo, Elia
• Delmedigo, Elijah (Jacob Ross)
• delusion (Lisa Bortolotti)
• De Maistre, Joseph
• demarcation of science — see science and pseudo-science
• democracy (Tom Christiano)
• Democritus (Sylvia Berryman)
• demonstration
  • Aristotle's theory of — see Aristotle, General Topics: logic
  • medieval theories of (John Longeway)
• demonstratives — see indexicals
• De Morgan, Augustus
• denotation — see reference
• deontological ethics — see ethics: deontological
• dependence, ontological (E. Jonathan Lowe)
• Derrida, Jacques (Leonard Lawlor)
• Derveni papyrus
• Descartes, René (Gary Hatfield)
  • epistemology (Lex Newman)
  • ethics (Donald Rutherford)
  • life and works (Kurt Smith)
  • mathematics (Lisa Shabel)
  • modal metaphysics (David Cunning)
  • ontological argument (Lawrence Nolan)
  • physics (Edward Slowik)
  • and the pineal gland (Gert-Jan Lokhorst)
  • theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
  • theory of ideas (Andrew Pessin)
• descriptions (Peter Ludlow)
• desert (Owen McLeod)
• Desgabets, Robert (Patricia Easton)
• design, argument from — see teleology: teleological arguments for God's existence
• desire (Tim Schroeder)
• Destutt de Tracy, Antoine Louis Claude
• determinates vs. determinables (David H. Sanford)
• determinism
  • ancient theories of — see freedom: ancient theories of
  • causal (Carl Hoefer)
• developmental biology (Lenny Moss and Paul Griffiths)
  • epigenesis and preformationism (Jane Maienschein)
  • evolution and development (Jason Scott Robert)
• Dewey, John
  • aesthetics (Tom Leddy)
  • moral philosophy (Elizabeth Anderson)
  • political philosophy (Matthew Festenstein)
• Dharmakīrti (Tom Tillemans)
• diagrams (Sun-Joo Shin and Oliver Lemon)
• dialectic
• Dialectical School (Susanne Bobzien)
• dialetheism [dialethism] (Graham Priest and Francesco Berto)
• Diderot, Denis (JB Shank)
• Dietrich of Freiberg (Markus Führer)
• Dilthey, Wilhelm (Rudolf Makkreel)
• Diodorus Cronus (David Sedley)
• Diogenes Laertius — see doxography of ancient philosophy
• Diogenes of Apollonia
• Diogenes of Oenoanda
• Diogenes of Sinope
• Dionysius the Areopagite — see Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
• dirty hands, the problem of (C.A.J. (Tony) Coady)
• disability (David Wasserman, Adrienne Asch, and Jeffrey Blustein)
  • cognitive (David Wasserman, Adrienne Asch, Jeffrey Blustein, and Daniel Putnam)
  • feminist perspectives on — see feminist (topics): perspectives on disability
  • and health care rationing (Jerome Bickenbach)
• discourse representation theory (Bart Geurts and David I. Beaver)
• discrimination (Andrew Altman)
• disease — see health
• disjunction (Ray Jennings and Andrew Hartline)
• disposition
• dispositions (Michael Fara)
• Dissoi Logoi — see Sophists, The
• distributive justice — see justice: distributive
• diversity
  • religious — see religious diversity
• divine
  • action — see action, divine
  • command theory — see voluntarism, theological
  • concepts of the — see God: concepts of
  • foreknowledge and free will — see free will: divine foreknowledge and
  • freedom — see freedom: divine
  • hiddenness — see hiddenness of God
  • illumination (Robert Pasnau)
  • providence — see providence, divine
  • revelation — see revelation, divine
  • simplicity — see simplicity: divine
• doctor-patient relationship — see ethics, biomedical: provider-patient relationship
• doing vs. allowing harm (Frances Howard-Snyder)
• domestic partnership and marriage — see marriage and domestic partnership
• domination
• donation and sale of human organs (Steve Wilkinson)
• double consciousness (John P. Pittman)
• double effect, doctrine of (Alison McIntyre)
• Douglass, Frederick (Ronald Sundstrom)
• doxography of ancient philosophy (Jaap Mansfeld)
• Drake, Judith
• Droysen, Johann Gustav
• dualism (Howard Robinson)
• Du Bosc, Jacques
• Duhem, Pierre (Roger Ariew)
• Dunbar, James — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Duns Scotus, John (Thomas Williams)
• Dutch book arguments (Susan Vineberg)
• dynamic epistemic logic — see logic: dynamic epistemic

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E [jump to top]

• Early Modern India, analytic philosophy in (Jonardon Ganeri)
• Ebreo, Leone
• Eckhart, Meister — see Meister Eckhart
• ecology (Sahotra Sarkar)
  • biodiversity (Daniel P. Faith)
  • conservation biology — see conservation biology
• economics, philosophy of (Daniel M. Hausman)
• economics and economic justice (Marc Fleurbaey)
• education, philosophy of (D.C. Phillips)
• Edwards, Jonathan (William Wainwright)
• egalitarianism (Richard Arneson)
• egoism (Robert Shaver)
• Ehrenfels, Christian von (Robin Rollinger)
• Einstein, Albert
  • Einstein-Bohr debates
  • the hole argument — see space and time: the hole argument
  • philosophy of science (Don A. Howard)
• Elias (Christian Wildberg)
• Elizabeth of Bohemia
• emergent properties (Timothy O'Connor and Hong Yu Wong)
• Emerson, Ralph Waldo (Russell Goodman)
• emotion (Ronald de Sousa)
  • 17th and 18th century theories of (Amy M. Schmitter)
  • in the Christian tradition (Robert Roberts)
  • medieval theories of (Martin Pickavé)
• empathy (Karsten Stueber)
• Empedocles (Richard Parry)
• empiricism — see rationalism vs. empiricism
  • constructive — see constructive empiricism
  • logical (Richard Creath)
• end of life, medicine and (Margaret Battin)
• Engels, Friedrich
• Enlightenment (William Bristow)
• entailment — see logical consequence
• entropy
  • and information processing — see information processing: and thermodynamic entropy
• environmentalism (Alan Carter)
• envy (Justin D'Arms)
• Epictetus (Margaret Graver)
• Epicureanism
• Epicurus (David Konstan)
• epiphenomenalism (William Robinson)
• episteme and techne [= scientific knowledge and expertise] (Richard Parry)
• epistemic basing relation — see basing relation, epistemic
• epistemic closure principle (Steven Luper)
• epistemic logic
  • medieval
• epistemic paradoxes (Roy Sorensen)
• epistemology (Matthias Steup)
  • Bayesian (William Talbott)
  • contextualism in — see contextualism, epistemic
  • and ethics
  • evolutionary (Michael Bradie and William Harms)
  • feminist — see feminist (interventions): epistemology and philosophy of science
  • moral — see moral epistemology
  • moral, a priorism in — see moral epistemology: a priorism in
  • naturalized (Richard Feldman)
  • reliabilism — see reliabilism
  • social (Alvin Goldman)
  • social feminist — see feminist (interventions): social epistemology
  • virtue (John Greco)
• epsilon calculus (Jeremy Avigad and Richard Zach)
• equality (Stefan Gosepath)
  • of opportunity (Richard Arneson)
• equivalence of mass and energy (Francisco Flores)
• Erasmus, Desiderius (Charles Nauert)
• Erdmann, Johannes
• ergodic hierarchy (Roman Frigg, Joseph Berkovitz, and Fred Kronz)
• Eriugena, John Scottus (Dermot Moran)
• Erxleben, Dorothea Christiana Leporin
• essence
  • medieval theories of
• essentialism — see essential vs. accidental properties
• essential vs. accidental properties (Teresa Robertson)
• eternity (Paul Helm)
  • medieval discussions of
• ethics
  • ancient (Richard Parry)
  • of belief — see belief, ethics of
  • business (Alexei Marcoux)
  • Chinese (David Wong)
  • computer and information — see computer and information ethics
  • deontological (Larry Alexander and Michael Moore)
  • environmental (Andrew Brennan and Yeuk-Sze Lo)
  • feminist — see feminist (interventions): ethics
  • in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism (Charles Goodman)
  • natural law tradition (Mark Murphy)
  • and personal identity — see personal identity: and ethics
  • utilitarian — see consequentialism
  • virtue (Rosalind Hursthouse)
• ethics, African — see African Philosophy: ethics
• ethics, applied
  • phenomenological approaches to ethics and information technology — see information technology: phenomenological approaches to ethics and
• ethics, biomedical
  • abortion — see abortion
  • advance directives and substitute decision-making — see advance directives
  • chimeras, human/non-human (Robert Streiffer)
  • clinical research (David Wendler)
  • cloning — see cloning
  • decision-making capacity — see decision-making capacity
  • disability — see disability
  • disease and health, concepts of — see health
  • donation and sale of human organs — see donation and sale of human organs
  • genetic engineering — see genetic engineering
  • human enhancement — see human enhancement
  • informed consent — see informed consent
  • international public health — see public health: international
  • justice, inequality, and health (Gopal Sreenivasan)
  • justice and access to health care (Norman Daniels)
  • justice and allocation of scarce resources
  • pregnancy, birth, and medicine — see pregnancy, birth, and medicine
  • privacy and medicine (Anita Allen)
  • provider-patient relationship
  • public health ethics — see public health: ethics
  • race and health (Patricia King)
  • reproductive technologies and arrangements — see reproductive technologies
  • research on animals
  • stem cell research (Andrew Siegel)
  • theory (John Arras)
• ethics, morality and practical reason — see morality and practical reason
• eudaimonia — see ethics: ancient
• Eudoxus (Henry Mendell)
• eugenics (Sara Goering)
• euthanasia
  • voluntary (Robert Young)
• Evans, Gareth
• events (Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi)
• evidence (Thomas Kelly)
  • the legal concept of (Déirdre Dwyer)
  • scientific — see confirmation
• evil, problem of (Michael Tooley)
• evolution (Phillip Sloan)
  • cultural (Tim Lewens)
• evolutionary ethics — see morality: and evolutionary biology
• evolutionary game theory — see game theory: evolutionary
• evolutionary psychology — see psychology: evolutionary
• existence (Barry Miller)
  • medieval theories of
• existentialism (Steven Crowell)
  • aesthetics — see aesthetics: existentialist
• experimental moral philosophy (Don Loeb)
• experimentation
  • in biology — see biology: experiment in
  • in physics — see physics: experiment in
• explanation
  • in mathematics — see mathematics: explanation in
  • scientific — see scientific explanation
• exploitation (Alan Wertheimer)
• extrinsic — see intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties
• Ezra, Abraham Ibn — see Ibn Ezra, Abraham

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F [jump to top]

• Fackenheim, Emil
• facts (Kevin Mulligan and Fabrice Correia)
• faith (John Bishop)
• Falaquera, Shem Tov Ibn (Steve Harvey)
• fallacies — see logic: informal
  • medieval theories of
• false consciousness — see self-deception: collective
• Fanon, Frantz (Robert Birt)
• fatalism (Hugh Rice)
• Fechner, Gustav Theodor (Michael Heidelberger)
• federalism (Andreas Føllesdal)
• Feigl, Herbert (Michael Heidelberger)
• feminism, approaches to (Nancy Tuana)
  • analytic philosophy (Ann Garry)
  • continental philosophy (Ann J. Cahill)
  • intersections between analytic and continental philosophy (Georgia Warnke)
  • intersections between pragmatist and continental philosophy (Shannon Sullivan)
  • pragmatism (Judy Whipps)
  • psychoanalytic philosophy (Emily Zakin)
• feminism, history of
  • English Renaissance feminist pamphlet writers
  • French Renaissance contributions to querelle des femmes (debate over women)
  • French Revolutionary feminist pamphlet writers
  • Italian Renaissance feminist writers
  • literature on the equality or superiority of women
• feminist (interventions)
  • aesthetics (Carolyn Korsmeyer)
  • bioethics (Anne Donchin)
  • environmental philosophy (Karen Warren)
  • epistemology and philosophy of science (Elizabeth Anderson)
  • ethics (Rosemarie Tong and Nancy Williams)
  • history of philosophy (Charlotte Witt)
  • liberal feminism (Amy R. Baehr)
  • metaphysics (Sally Haslanger)
  • moral psychology (Anita Superson)
  • philosophy of biology (Carla Fehr)
  • philosophy of language (Jennifer Saul)
  • philosophy of law (Patricia Smith)
  • philosophy of mind (Julie Yoo)
  • philosophy of religion (Nancy Frankenberry)
  • political philosophy (Noëlle McAfee)
  • radical feminism (Christine Cuomo)
  • social epistemology (Heidi Grasswick)
• feminist (topics) (Sally Haslanger and Nancy Tuana)
  • perspectives on autonomy (Natalie Stoljar)
  • perspectives on class and work (Ann Ferguson)
  • perspectives on disability (Anita Silvers)
  • perspectives on globalization (Shelley Wilcox and Alison Jaggar)
  • perspectives on human rights
  • perspectives on masculinity
  • perspectives on objectification (Evangelia (Lina) Papadaki)
  • perspectives on power (Amy Allen)
  • perspectives on race and racism
  • perspectives on rape (Rebecca Whisnant)
  • perspectives on reproduction and the family (Debra Satz)
  • perspectives on science (Alison Wylie, Elizabeth Potter, and Wenda K. Bauchspies)
  • perspectives on sex and gender (Mari Mikkola)
  • perspectives on sex markets (Laurie Shrage)
  • perspectives on sexuality
  • perspectives on the body (Kathleen Lennon)
  • perspectives on the self (Diana Meyers)
  • perspectives on trans issues (Talia Bettcher)
• Ferguson, Adam — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Ferrier, James — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
• Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas (Van A. Harvey)
• Feyerabend, Paul (John Preston)
• Fichte, Immanuel Hermann
• Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (Dan Breazeale)
• Ficino, Marsilio (Christopher Celenza)
• fiction (Fred Kroon and Alberto Voltolini)
• fictionalism (Matti Eklund)
  • in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: fictionalism
  • modal (Daniel Nolan)
• fideism (Richard Amesbury)
• Filelfo, Francesco
• film, philosophy of (Thomas Wartenberg)
• fine tuning (Roger White)
• finitism (Shaughan Lavine)
• Fischer, Kuno
• Fitch's paradox of knowability (Berit Brogaard and Joe Salerno)
• fitness (Alexander Rosenberg and Frederic Bouchard)
• fitting attitude theories of value (Daniel Jacobson)
• folk psychology
  • as mental simulation (Robert M. Gordon)
  • as a theory (Ian Ravenscroft)
• Fonseca, Petrus
• foreknowledge, divine — see free will: divine foreknowledge and
• forgiveness (Paul M. Hughes)
• formalism
  • in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: formalism
• formal representations of belief — see belief, formal representations of
• Forms [Platonic] — see Plato: middle period metaphysics and epistemology
• form vs. matter
• Forster, Georg
• Foucault, Michel (Gary Gutting)
• four dimensionalism — see temporal parts
• Fox, Margaret Fell
• frame problem (Murray Shanahan)
• Francis of Marchia (Christopher Schabel)
• Frankfurt School
  • aesthetics — see aesthetics: Adorno and the Frankfurt School
• free choice
  • medieval theories of[= liberum arbitrium]
• freedom — see liberty
  • ancient theories of (Susanne Bobzien)
  • of association
  • divine (William Rowe)
  • positive and negative — see liberty: positive and negative
  • of speech (David van Mill)
• free rider problem (Russell Hardin)
• free will (Timothy O'Connor)
  • (nondeterministic) theories of — see incompatibilism: (nondeterministic) theories of free will
  • divine foreknowledge and (Linda Zagzebski)
• Frege, Gottlob (Edward N. Zalta)
  • controversy with Hilbert (Patricia Blanchette)
  • logic, theorem, and foundations for arithmetic (Edward N. Zalta)
  • puzzle and Moore's paradox of analysis (Andrew Cullison)
• Freud, Sigmund
• friendship (Bennett Helm)
• Fries, Johann Friedrich
• Fuller, Margaret
• function
  • in biology — see teleology: teleological notions in biology
  • recursive (Piergiorgio Odifreddi)
• functionalism (Janet Levin)
• future contingents (Per Hasle and Peter Øhrstrøm)
  • medieval theories of (Simo Knuuttila)
• Fyodorov, Nikolai

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G [jump to top]

• Gadamer, Hans-Georg (Jeff Malpas)
  • aesthetics (Nicholas Davey)
• Gage, Matilda Joslyn
• Galen
• Galenism
  • in the Renaissance
• Galileo Galilei (Peter Machamer)
• games
  • abstraction and completeness (Samson Abramsky)
  • logic and — see logic: and games
  • logic for analyzing — see logic: for analyzing games
• game theory (Don Ross)
  • and ethics (Bruno Verbeek and Christopher Morris)
  • evolutionary (J. McKenzie Alexander)
  • interactive rationality and foundations of (Olivier Roy and Eric Pacuit)
• Gaṅgeśa (Parimal Patil)
• Garlandus Compotista
• Gassendi, Pierre (Saul Fisher)
• Gaza, Theodore
• Gelukpa [dge lugs pa]
• gene (Hans-Jörg Rheinberger and Staffan Müller-Wille)
• generalized quantifiers (Dag Westerståhl)
• general relativity
  • early philosophical interpretations of (Thomas A. Ryckman)
• general will
• generic statements (Sarah-Jane Leslie)
• genetic engineering
• genetics
  • evolutionary (Michael Wade)
  • and genomics (Ken Waters)
  • genotype/phenotype distinction (Richard Lewontin)
  • molecular (Ken Waters)
  • population (Samir Okasha)
• geometry
  • finitism in (Jean-Paul Van Bendegem)
  • in the 19th century (Roberto Torretti)
  • non-Archimedean
• Gerard, Alexander — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• German Philosophy
  • in the 18th century, prior to Kant (Brigitte Sassen)
• Gersonides (Tamar Rudavsky)
• Gilbert of Poitiers [Gilbert de la Porée]
• Giles of Rome (Roberto Lambertini)
• Giorgio, Francesco
• given, the — see justification, epistemic: foundationalist theories of
• globalization (William Scheuerman)
• Gobinear, Joseph
• God
  • concepts of (William Wainwright)
  • and other necessary beings (Matthew Davidson)
• God, arguments for belief in
  • pragmatic — see pragmatic arguments and belief in God
• God, arguments for the existence of
  • cosmological — see cosmological argument
  • Descartes' ontological — see Descartes, René: ontological argument
  • moral arguments (Peter Byrne)
  • ontological — see ontological arguments
  • teleological — see teleology: teleological arguments for God's existence
• Godfrey of Fontaines (John Wippel)
• Godwin, William (Mark Philp)
• Gödel, Kurt (Juliette Kennedy)
  • completeness theorem
  • contributions to relativity theory
  • incompleteness theorem (Panu Raatikainen)
• Goes, Emanuel — see Coimbra: University of
• Goodman, Nelson (Daniel Cohnitz and Marcus Rossberg)
  • aesthetics (Alessandro Giovannelli)
• goodness, perfect (Thomas D. Senor and E.J. Coffman)
• Gorampa [go rams pa]
• Gorgias
• Gouges, Olympe de
• Gournay, Marie le Jars de
• grace
  • early modern theories of
• grammar
  • categorial — see grammar: type logical
  • type logical (Michael Moortgat)
• grammar, speculative
  • medieval theories of
• Green, Thomas Hill (Colin Tyler)
• Gregory of Rimini (Christopher Schabel)
• Grice, Paul (Richard E. Grandy and Richard Warner)
• Grimke, Angelina and Sarah
• Grosseteste, Robert (Neil Lewis)
• Grote, George
• Grotius, Hugo (Jon Miller)
• group rights — see rights: group
• Gruppe, O. H.

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H [jump to top]

• Habermas, Jürgen (James Bohman and William Rehg)
• haecceity — see substance
  • medieval theories of (Richard Cross)
• Haeckel, Ernst
• Halevi, Judah (Barry Kogan)
• Haller, Karl Friedrich
• Hamann, Johann Georg (Gwen Griffith-Dickson)
• Hamilton, William — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
• Hanfeizi
• happiness (Dan Haybron)
• Hare, Richard Mervyn
• Hartley, David (Richard Allen)
• Hartmann, Eduard
• Hartmann, Nicolai
• Hartshorne, Charles (Dan Dombrowski)
• Hayek, Friedrich (Chandran Kukathas)
• Hays, Mary
• health (Dominic Murphy)
• heaven and hell (Jonathan Kvanvig)
• hedonism (Andrew Moore)
• Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (Paul Redding)
  • aesthetics (Stephen Houlgate)
• Hegelianism, Young
• Heidegger, Martin (Michael Wheeler)
  • aesthetics (Iain Thomson)
• Heine, Heinrich
• hell — see heaven and hell
• Hellenistic medical epistemology
• Hellenistic Philosophy
• Helmholtz, Hermann von (Lydia Patton)
• Hempel, Carl (James Fetzer)
• Henry of Ghent (Pasquale Porro)
• Heraclides of Pontus
• Heraclitus (Daniel W. Graham)
• Herbart, Johann Friedrich (Alan Kim)
• Herder, Johann Gottfried von (Michael Forster)
• Héricourt, Jenny Poinsard d'
• heritability (Stephen M. Downes)
  • inheritance systems — see inheritance systems
• hermeneutics (Bjørn Ramberg and Kristin Gjesdal)
• Hermes Trismegisthus — see hermetism
• Hermetic writings
• hermetism
• Hertz, Heinrich
• Herzen, Alexander
• Hesiod
• Heytesbury, William (John Longeway)
• hiddenness of God (Daniel Howard-Snyder)
• Hierocles
• Hilbert, David
  • controversy with Frege — see Frege, Gottlob: controversy with Hilbert
  • program in the foundations of mathematics (Richard Zach)
• Hippias — see Sophists, The
• Hippocratic medicine
• Hirsch, Samson Raphael
• historiography
  • in Latin American and Iberian philosophy
• history, philosophy of (Daniel Little)
• Hobbes, Thomas (Stewart Duncan)
  • moral and political philosophy (Sharon A. Lloyd and Susanne Sreedhar)
  • theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
• Hölderlin, Johann Christian Friedrich
• Holbach, Paul-Henri Thiry (Baron) d' (Michael LeBuffe)
• holes (Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi)
• Holkot [Holcot], Robert (Hester Gelber)
• Holst, Amalia
• Home, Henry [Lord Kames] — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Homer
• homology — see character/trait
• homosexuality (Brent Pickett)
• Hook, Sidney (David Sidorsky)
• Hooker, Richard
• Horkheimer, Max (J.C. Berendzen)
• Hugh of St. Victor
• human enhancement (Eric Juengst)
• human genome project (Lisa Gannett)
• humanism
  • civic — see civic humanism
  • in the Renaissance (Eckhard Keßler)
• human rights — see rights: human
• human test subjects — see ethics, biomedical: clinical research
• Humboldt, Wilhelm von (Kurt Mueller-Vollmer)
• Hume, David (William Edward Morris)
  • aesthetics (Ted Gracyk)
  • and Kant on causality — see Kant, Immanuel: and Hume on causality
  • and Kant on morality — see Kant, Immanuel: and Hume on morality
  • moral philosophy (Rachel Cohon)
  • Newtonianism and Anti-Newtonianism (Eric Schliesser)
  • on free will (Paul Russell)
  • on religion (Paul Russell)
  • theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
• Husserl, Edmund (Christian Beyer)
  • aesthetics — see aesthetics: Husserl and phenomenology
• Hutcheson, Francis — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
  • theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
• Hutton, James — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Huxley, Thomas Henry
• hybrid logic — see logic: hybrid
• Hypatia

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I [jump to top]

• Iamblichus
• Iberville, Pierre Le Moyne d'
• Ibn al-Haytham
• Ibn Arabi (William Chittick)
• Ibn Bajja (Josep Puig Montada)
• Ibn Daud, Abraham (Resianne Fontaine)
• Ibn Ezra, Abraham (Tzvi Langermann)
• Ibn Falaquera, Shem Tov — see Falaquera, Shem Tov Ibn
• Ibn Hazm
• Ibn Kammuna (Tzvi Langermann)
• Ibn Khaldun
• Ibn Matta
• Ibn Nazzam
• Ibn Paquda, Bahya
• Ibn Rushd (Richard Taylor)
• Ibn Sina — see Avicenna
• Ibn Taymiyya
• Ibn Tibbon, Samuel — see Tibbon, Samuel Ibn
• Ibn Tufayl
• idealism
  • British
• ideas
• identity (Harold Noonan)
  • of indiscernibles (Peter Forrest)
  • over time (Andre Gallois)
  • personal — see personal identity
  • relative (Harry Deutsch)
  • transworld (Penelope Mackie)
• identity politics (Cressida Heyes)
• identity theory of mind (J. J. C. Smart)
• ideology, law and — see law: and ideology
• idiolects (Alex Barber)
• Ignatius of Loyola
• imagery, mental — see mental imagery
• imagination (Tamar Gendler)
• imitation game — see Turing test
• immigration (Kit Wellman)
• immortality — see afterlife
• immunology, philosophy of — see self: the biological notion of
• immutability (Brian Leftow)
• impartiality (Troy Jollimore)
• implicature (Wayne Davis)
  • optimality theoretic and game theoretic approaches (Robert van Rooij)
• impossible worlds (Francesco Berto)
• incommensurability
  • of scientific theories (Eric Oberheim and Paul Hoyningen-Huene)
  • of values — see value: incommensurable
• incomparable values — see value: incommensurable
• incompatibilism
  • (nondeterministic) theories of free will (Randolph Clarke)
  • arguments for (Kadri Vihvelin)
• indeterminacy of translation
• indexicals (David Braun)
• individual, biological notion of — see biology: notion of individual
• individualism, methodological (Joseph Heath)
• individuals
• individuation
  • medieval theories of
• induction
  • new problem of
  • problem of (John Vickers)
• inductive logic — see logic: inductive
• inequality — see equality
• inertial systems — see space and time: inertial frames
• inference to the best explanation — see abduction
• infinitesimals — see continuity and infinitesimals
• infinity
• informal logic — see logic: informal
• information (Pieter Adriaans)
  • biological (Peter Godfrey-Smith and Kim Sterelny)
  • and logic — see logic: and information
  • quantum entanglement and — see quantum theory: quantum entanglement and information
  • semantic conceptions of (Luciano Floridi)
• information processing
  • and thermodynamic entropy (Owen Maroney)
• information technology
  • and moral values
  • phenomenological approaches to ethics and (Lucas Introna)
  • and privacy
• informed consent (Nir Eyal)
• Ingarden, Roman (Amie Thomasson)
• inherence — see substance
• inheritance systems
• innate/acquired distinction (Paul Griffiths)
• innateness
  • and contemporary theories of cognition (Jerry Samet)
  • historical controversies (Jerry Samet)
  • and language (Fiona Cowie)
• inscrutability of reference — see indeterminacy of translation
• insolubles [= insolubilia] (Paul Vincent Spade and Stephen Read)
• instrumental rationality — see rationality: instrumental
• integrity (Damian Cox, Marguerite La Caze, and Michael Levine)
• intelligent design, theory of — see creationism
• intensional transitive verbs (Graeme Forbes)
• intention (Kieran Setiya)
• intentionality (Pierre Jacob)
  • collective (David Schweikard and Hans Bernhard Schmid)
  • consciousness and — see consciousness: and intentionality
  • in ancient philosophy (Victor Caston)
  • medieval theories of
• internal vs. external reasons for action — see reasons for action: internal vs. external
• intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties (Brian Weatherson)
• introspection (Eric Schwitzgebel)
• intuition (Joel Pust)
• intuitionism — see mathematics, philosophy of: intuitionism
• intuitionistic logic — see logic: intuitionistic
  • development of — see logic, history of: intuitionistic logic
• inverted qualia — see qualia: inverted
• Isocrates
• Israeli, Isaac (Leonard Levin and R. David Walker)

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J [jump to top]

• Jabir Ibn Hayyan
• Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich (George di Giovanni)
• James, William (Russell Goodman)
• James of Viterbo (Antoine Côté)
• Japanese Philosophy (Thomas Kasulis)
  • aesthetics (Graham Parkes)
  • Confucian (John Tucker)
  • Kokugaku School [Native Studies School] (Susan Burns)
  • Kûkai (John Krummel)
  • Kyoto School (Bret W. Davis)
  • Nishida Kitarô — see Nishida Kitarô
  • Pure Land (Dennis Hirota)
  • Watsuji Tetsurô — see Watsuji Tetsurô
  • Zen Buddhism (Shigenori Nagatomo)
• Jaspers, Karl (Chris Thornhill)
• Jayarāśi (Piotr Balcerowicz)
• Jevons, William Stanley (Bert Mosselmans)
• John of Salisbury (Kevin Guilfoy)
• Jonangpa [jo nang pa] and Kadampa [bka' gdams pa]
• Jones, Emily Elizabeth Constance (Gary Ostertag)
• Juana Ines de la Cruz, Sor
• Judah Halevi — see Halevi, Judah
• judgment
  • aesthetic — see aesthetics: aesthetic judgment
• judgment aggregation and belief merging — see belief merging and judgment aggregation
• justice
  • climate (Axel Gosseries)
  • distributive (Julian Lamont and Christi Favor)
  • intergenerational (Lukas Meyer)
  • international (Michael Blake)
  • transitional (Nir Eisikovits)
  • as a virtue (Michael Slote)
• justification, epistemic
  • a priori — see a priori justification and knowledge
  • coherentist theories of (Jonathan Kvanvig)
  • foundationalist theories of (Richard Fumerton)
  • internalist vs. externalist conceptions of (George Pappas)
  • reliabilism — see reliabilism
• justification, political
  • public (Fred D'Agostino)
• Justin Martyr

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K [jump to top]

• Kadampa [bka' gdams pa] — see Jonangpa
• Kagyüpa [bka' rgyud pa]
• Kalam — see Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, historical and methodological topics in: Arabic and Islamic Theological Philosophy (Kalam)
• Kant, Immanuel (Michael Rohlf)
  • account of reason (Garrath Williams)
  • aesthetics and teleology (Hannah Ginsborg)
  • critique of metaphysics (Michelle Grier)
  • and Hume on causality (Graciela De Pierris and Michael Friedman)
  • and Hume on morality (Lara Denis)
  • and Leibniz (Catherine Wilson)
  • moral philosophy (Robert Johnson)
  • philosophical development (Martin Schönfeld)
  • philosophy of mathematics (Lisa Shabel)
  • philosophy of religion (Philip Rossi)
  • philosophy of science (Eric Watkins)
  • social and political philosophy (Frederick Rauscher)
  • theory of judgment (Robert Hanna)
  • transcendental arguments (Derk Pereboom)
  • view of mind and consciousness of self (Andrew Brook)
  • views on space and time (Andrew Janiak)
• Kaplan, Mordecai
• Kaspi, Joseph (Hannah Kasher)
• Keckermann, Bartholemew
• Kepler, Johannes (Daniel Di Liscia)
• Kierkegaard, Søren (William McDonald)
• killing vs. letting die — see doing vs. allowing harm
• Kilvington, Richard (Elzbieta Jung)
• Kilwardby, Robert
• knowledge
  • analysis of (Matthias Steup)
  • a priori — see a priori justification and knowledge
  • by acquaintance vs. description (Richard Fumerton)
  • self- — see self-knowledge
• knowledge, value of (Duncan Pritchard)
• Kochen-Specker theorem — see quantum mechanics: Kochen-Specker theorem
• Kotarbiński, Tadeusz
• Krause, Karl Christian Friedrich
• Krochmal, Nachman
• Krug, Wilhelm Traugott
• Kuhn, Thomas (Alexander Bird)
• Kûkai — see Japanese Philosophy: Kûkai
• Kumārila (Daniel Arnold)

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L [jump to top]

• Labriola, Antonio
• Lacan, Jacques (Charles Shepherdson)
• Laffitte, Pierre
• Lakatos, Imre (Alan Musgrave and Charles Pigden)
• lambda calculus, the
• Lambert, Juliette
• Lambert of Auxerre
• Lammenais, Abbé de
• Landino, Cristoforo
• Lange, Friedrich Albert (Nadeem J. Z. Hussain)
• language of thought hypothesis (Murat Aydede)
• Laozi (Alan Chan)
• Laplace, Pierre Simon
• large cardinals and determinacy — see set theory: large cardinals and determinacy
• Latin America and Iberian philosophy
  • logic — see logic: in Latin America and Iberia
• Latin American and Iberian philosophy
  • social and political philosophy
• Latin Averroism
• law
  • and ideology (Christine Sypnowich)
  • and language (Timothy Endicott)
  • limits of — see limits of law
  • nature of — see nature of law: natural law theories
  • rule of — see rule of law and procedural fairness
• laws of nature (John W. Carroll)
  • ceteris paribus (Alexander Reutlinger, Gerhard Schurz, and Andreas Hüttemann)
• learning theory, formal (Oliver Schulte)
• Lebensphilosophie
• Lefèvre d'Étaples, Jacques
• legal obligation and authority (Leslie Green)
• legal philosophy (Leslie Green)
  • economic analysis of law (Lewis Kornhauser)
• legal positivism — see nature of law: legal positivism
• legal punishment — see punishment, legal
• legal realisms — see nature of law: legal realisms
• legal reasoning
  • interpretation and coherence in (Julie Dickson)
  • precedent and analogy in (Grant Lamond)
• legal rights (Kenneth Campbell)
• legitimacy (Fabienne Peter)
• Le Grand, Antoine (Patricia Easton)
• Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (Brandon C. Look)
  • ethics (Andrew Youpa)
  • influence on 19th century logic (Volker Peckhaus)
  • modal metaphysics (Brandon C. Look)
  • on causation (Marc Bobro)
  • on the problem of evil (Michael Murray)
  • philosophy of mind (Mark Kulstad and Laurence Carlin)
  • philosophy of physics (Jeff Mcdonough)
• Leibowitz, Yeshayahu (Daniel Rynhold)
• Leonico Tomeo, Niccolò
• Leśniewski, Stanisław (Peter Simons)
• Leucippus (Sylvia Berryman)
• Lévi-Strauss, Claude
• Levinas, Emmanuel (Bettina Bergo)
• Lewis, Clarence Irving (Bruce Hunter)
• Lewis, David (Brian Weatherson)
  • metaphysics (Ned Hall)
• liar paradox (JC Beall and Michael Glanzberg)
• liberal feminism — see feminist (interventions): liberal feminism
• liberalism (Gerald Gaus and Shane D. Courtland)
• Liber de causis — see Book of Causes
• Liber de sex principiis — see Book of Six Principles
• libertarianism (Peter Vallentyne)
• liberty
  • positive and negative (Ian Carter)
• liberty of conscience
• life (Bruce Weber)
  • meaning of (Thaddeus Metz)
• lifeworld — see Husserl, Edmund
• limits of law (John Stanton-Ife)
• linear logic — see logic: linear
• linguistics
  • computational (Lenhart Schubert)
  • philosophy of (Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Geoff Pullum, and Barbara Scholz)
• Lipkin, Israel (Salanter)
• Lipsius, Justus (Jan Papy)
• literature, philosophy and (R. Lanier Anderson and Joshua Landy)
• living wills — see advance directives
• Locke, Alain LeRoy (Jacoby Carter)
• Locke, John (William Uzgalis)
  • moral philosophy
  • philosophy of science (Hylarie Kochiras)
  • political philosophy (Alex Tuckness)
• logic
  • action (Krister Segerberg, John-Jules Meyer, and Marcus Kracht)
  • algebraizations of logics with semantics (Hajnal Andreka and Istvan Nemeti)
  • ancient (Susanne Bobzien)
  • and artificial intelligence — see artificial intelligence: logic and
  • of belief revision (Sven Ove Hansson)
  • classical (Stewart Shapiro)
  • combinatory (Katalin Bimbó)
  • combining (Walter Carnielli and Marcelo Esteban Coniglio)
  • conditionals (Horacio Arlo-Costa)
  • connexive (Heinrich Wansing)
  • deontic (Paul McNamara)
  • dialogical (Laurent Keiff)
  • dynamic epistemic (Alexandru Baltag)
  • epistemic (Vincent Hendricks and John Symons)
  • for analyzing games
  • free (John Nolt)
  • fuzzy (Petr Hajek)
  • and games (Wilfrid Hodges)
  • hybrid (Torben Braüner)
  • independence friendly (Tero Tulenheimo)
  • inductive (James Hawthorne)
  • infinitary (John L. Bell)
  • informal (Leo Groarke)
  • and information (Sebastian Sequoiah-Grayson and Maricarmen Martinez)
  • in Latin America and Iberia
  • intensional (Melvin Fitting)
  • in the 12th century
  • intuitionistic (Joan Moschovakis)
  • justification (Melvin Fitting and Sergei Artemov)
  • linear (Roberto Di Cosmo and Dale Miller)
  • many-valued (Siegfried Gottwald)
  • of mass expressions — see mass expressions: logic of
  • modal (James Garson)
  • multi-modal (Agi Kurucz)
  • non-classical
  • non-monotonic (G. Aldo Antonelli)
  • paraconsistent (Graham Priest and Koji Tanaka)
  • preference (Fenrong Liu and Leon van der Torre)
  • probability (Barteld Kooi)
  • propositional dynamic (Philippe Balbiani)
  • provability (Rineke (L.C.) Verbrugge)
  • of questions
  • and rational agency
  • relevance (Edwin Mares)
  • Renaissance
  • second-order and higher-order (Herbert B. Enderton)
  • and social choice
  • substructural (Greg Restall)
  • temporal (Antony Galton)
  • temporal agency
• logic, history of
  • first-order logic (William Ewald)
  • intuitionistic logic (Mark van Atten)
  • modal logic (Roberta Ballarin)
  • model theory — see model theory: birth of
  • proof theory — see proof theory: development of
  • set theory, axiomatic — see set theory: development of axiomatic
  • set theory, early — see set theory: early development
• logical atomism
  • Russell's (Kevin Klement)
  • Wittgenstein's — see Wittgenstein, Ludwig: logical atomism
• logical consequence (JC Beall and Greg Restall)
  • propositional consequence relations and algebraic logic (Ramon Jansana)
• logical constants (John MacFarlane)
• logical constructions (Bernard Linsky)
• logical form (Paul Pietroski)
• logical positivism
• logical truth (Mario Gómez-Torrente)
• logic and ontology (Thomas Hofweber)
• logicism
• logos
• Longchenpa [klong chen pa]
• Lotze, Hermann (David Sullivan)
• love (Bennett Helm)
• loyalty (John Kleinig)
• luck
  • justice and bad luck (Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen)
  • moral (Dana K. Nelkin)
• Lucretius (David Sedley)
• Lukács, Georg [Gyögy]
  • aesthetics (Juergen Pelzer)
• Luther, Martin
• Luzzatto, Samuel David
• Lvov-Warsaw School (Jan Woleński)
• lying and deception
  • definition of (James Edwin Mahon)
• Lyotard, Jean François

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M [jump to top]

• Macaulay, Catharine
• Mach, Ernst (Paul Pojman)
• Machiavelli, Niccolò (Cary Nederman)
• Mackie, John Leslie
• Madhyamaka (Richard Hayes)
• Maimon, Salomon (Peter Thielke and Yitzhak Melamed)
• Maimonides (Kenneth Seeskin)
  • the influence of Islamic thought on (Sarah Pessin)
• Maine de Biran, P. F.
• Mair, Jean
• Makin, Bathsua
• Malebranche, Nicolas (Tad Schmaltz)
  • theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
  • theory of ideas and vision in God (Lawrence Nolan)
• Mally, Ernst (Alexander Hieke and Gerhard Zecha)
  • deontic logic (Gert-Jan Lokhorst)
• Manicheism
• Mansel, Henry
• many, problem of (Brian Weatherson)
• Marburg School
• Marcel, Gabriel (-Honoré) (Brian Treanor)
• Marcus Aurelius (Rachana Kamtekar)
• Marcuse, Herbert (Morton Schoolman)
• Marinella, Lucrezia
• Maritain, Jacques (William Sweet)
• marriage and domestic partnership (Elizabeth Brake)
• Marsilius of Inghen (Maarten Hoenen)
• Marsilius of Padua
• Martineau, Harriet
• Martineau, James
• Marty, Anton (Robin Rollinger)
• Marx, Karl (Jonathan Wolff)
• Marxism
• Masham, Lady Damaris (Sarah Hutton)
• mass/energy equivalence — see equivalence of mass and energy
• mass expressions
  • logic of (Greg Carlson)
  • metaphysics of (Mark Steen)
• material constitution (Ryan Wasserman)
• materialism — see physicalism
  • eliminative (William Ramsey)
• mathematical style — see style: in mathematics
• mathematics
  • constructive (Douglas Bridges)
  • explanation in (Paolo Mancosu)
  • inconsistent (Chris Mortensen)
  • non-deductive methods in (Alan Baker)
• mathematics, foundations of
  • Dedekind's contributions to — see Dedekind, Richard: contributions to the foundations of mathematics
  • Hilbert's program — see Hilbert, David: program in the foundations of mathematics
• mathematics, philosophy of (Leon Horsten)
  • fictionalism (Mark Balaguer)
  • formalism (Alan Weir)
  • indispensability arguments in the (Mark Colyvan)
  • intuitionism (Rosalie Iemhoff)
  • Kant — see Kant, Immanuel: philosophy of mathematics
  • naturalism (Alexander Paseau)
  • nominalism (Otávio Bueno)
  • Platonism (Øystein Linnebo)
  • structuralism (Erich Reck)
  • Wittgenstein — see Wittgenstein, Ludwig: philosophy of mathematics
• Mauthner, Fritz
• McCosh, James
• McTaggart, John M. E. (Kris McDaniel)
• Mead, George Herbert (Mitchell Aboulafia)
• meaning
  • normativity of (Kathrin Glüer and Åsa Wikforss)
• meaning, theories of (Jeff Speaks)
• meaning holism
• measurement
  • in quantum theory — see quantum theory: measurement in
• medical theory, ancient
  • Hellenistic medical epistemology — see Hellenistic medical epistemology
  • Hippocratic medicine — see Hippocratic medicine
• medieval philosophy (Paul Vincent Spade)
  • aesthetics — see aesthetics: late ancient and medieval
  • literary forms of (Eileen Sweeney)
• medieval theories
  • analogy — see analogy: medieval theories of
  • categories — see categories: medieval theories of
  • causation — see causation: medieval theories of
  • conscience — see conscience: medieval theories of
  • of demonstration — see demonstration: medieval theories of
  • of emotion — see emotion: medieval theories of
  • essence — see essence: medieval theories of
  • existence — see existence: medieval theories of
  • fallacies — see fallacies: medieval theories of
  • free choice [= liberum arbitrium] — see free choice: medieval theories of[= liberum arbitrium]
  • future contingents — see future contingents: medieval theories of
  • haecceity — see haecceity: medieval theories of
  • individuation — see individuation: medieval theories of
  • intentionality — see intentionality: medieval theories of
  • of mental representation — see mental representation: in medieval philosophy
  • modality — see modality: medieval theories of
  • of obligationes — see obligationes, medieval theories of
  • practical reason — see practical reason: medieval theories of
  • properties of terms — see terms, properties of: medieval theories of
  • propositions — see propositions: medieval theories of
  • relations — see relations: medieval theories of
  • of singular terms — see singular terms: medieval theories of
  • speculative grammar — see grammar, speculative: medieval theories of
  • syllogism — see syllogism: medieval theories of
  • virtue — see virtue: medieval theories of
• Megarian School
• Meinong, Alexius (Johann Marek)
• Meister Eckhart (Burkhard Mojsisch and Orrin F. Summerell)
• Melanchthon, Philip
• Melissus
• memory (John Sutton)
  • epistemological problems of (Thomas D. Senor)
• Mencius (Kwong Loi Shun)
• Mendelssohn, Moses (Daniel Dahlstrom)
• mental causation (David Robb and John Heil)
• mental content
  • causal theories of (Fred Adams and Ken Aizawa)
  • externalism about (Joe Lau and Max Deutsch)
  • narrow (Curtis Brown)
  • nonconceptual (José Bermúdez and Arnon Cahen)
  • teleological theories of (Karen Neander)
• mental illness (Christian Perring)
• mental imagery (Nigel J.T. Thomas)
• mental representation (David Pitt)
  • in medieval philosophy (Henrik Lagerlund)
• mereology (Achille Varzi)
  • medieval (Andrew Arlig)
• Merleau-Ponty, Maurice (Bernard Flynn)
• Mersenne, Marin (Brian Baigrie)
• Mertonian "calculators"
• metaethics (Geoff Sayre-McCord)
  • fittings attitude theories and sensibility theory — see fitting attitude theories of value
  • moral anti-realism — see moral anti-realism
  • moral cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism — see cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism, moral
  • moral epistemology — see moral epistemology
  • moral motivation — see motivation: moral
  • moral naturalism — see naturalism: moral
  • moral non-naturalism — see non-naturalism, moral
  • moral particularism — see moral particularism
  • moral realism — see moral realism
  • moral skepticism — see skepticism: moral
• metalogic
  • conceptions of, from Frege to Gödel (Jamie Tappenden)
• metaphilosophy
• metaphor (David Hills)
• metaphysics (Peter van Inwagen)
• metaphysics in the 16th century
  • Francisco Suárez — see Suárez, Francisco
  • Petrus Fonseca — see Fonseca, Petrus
• Michelet, Karl Ludwig
• Mill, Harriet Taylor (Dale E. Miller)
• Mill, James (Terence Ball)
• Mill, John Stuart (Fred Wilson)
  • moral and political philosophy (David Brink)
• mind
  • computational theory of (Steven Horst)
  • identity theory of — see identity theory of mind
  • in Indian Buddhist Philosophy (Christian Coseru)
  • modularity of (Philip Robbins)
  • philosophy of
• miracles (Michael Levine)
• modal epistemology — see modality: epistemology of
• modality
  • epistemology of (Anand Vaidya)
  • medieval theories of (Simo Knuuttila)
• modal logic — see logic: modal
  • modern origins — see logic, history of: modal logic
• models in science (Roman Frigg and Stephan Hartmann)
• model theory (Wilfrid Hodges)
  • birth of
  • first-order (Wilfrid Hodges)
• Möser, Justus
• Mohism (Chris Fraser)
• Mohist Canons (Chris Fraser)
• molecular biology (Lindley Darden and James Tabery)
• Moleschott, Jakob
• Molyneux's problem (Marjolein Degenaar and Gert-Jan Lokhorst)
• monism (Jonathan Schaffer)
  • anomalous — see anomalous monism
• monotheism (William Wainwright)
• Montaigne, Michel de (Marc Foglia)
• Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de (Hilary Bok)
• Moore, George Edward (Tom Baldwin)
  • moral philosophy (Thomas Hurka)
  • paradox of analysis — see Frege, Gottlob: puzzle and Moore's paradox of analysis
• moral anti-realism (Richard Joyce)
• moral character — see character, moral
• moral dilemmas (Terrance McConnell)
• moral epistemology (Richmond Campbell)
  • a priorism in (Michael DePaul)
• morality
  • and evolutionary biology (William FitzPatrick)
• morality, definition of (Bernard Gert)
• morality and practical reason (Duncan MacIntosh)
• moral luck — see luck: moral
• moral naturalism — see naturalism: moral
• moral non-naturalism — see non-naturalism, moral
• moral particularism (Jonathan Dancy)
• moral psychology
  • empirical approaches (John Doris and Stephen Stich)
• moral realism (Geoff Sayre-McCord)
• moral reasoning — see reasoning: moral
• moral relativism (Chris Gowans)
• moral responsibility (Andrew Eshleman)
• moral skepticism — see skepticism: moral
• moral status
  • of animals — see animals, moral status of
• More, Hannah
• More, Henry (John Henry)
• More, Thomas (James D. Kinney)
• motivation (Mariam Thalos)
  • moral (Connie S. Rosati)
• motor-based theories of perception and cognition (Rick Grush)
• Müller, Adam
• Muhammad Iqbal
• Mulla Sadra (Sajjad Rizvi)
• multiculturalism (Sarah Song)
• multiple realizability (John Bickle)
• Murdoch, Iris (Justin Broackes)
• Murray, Judith Sargent
• music, philosophy of (Andrew Kania)
• Musonius Rufus
• mysticism (Jerome Gellman)
• myths, Plato's — see Plato: myths

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N [jump to top]

• Nāgārjuna
• names (Sam Cumming)
• Narboni, Moses
• nationalism (Nenad Miscevic)
• Natorp, Paul (Alan Kim)
• naturalism (David Papineau)
  • in epistemology — see epistemology: naturalized
  • in legal philosophy (Brian Leiter)
  • in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: naturalism
  • moral (James Lenman)
• natural kinds (Alexander Bird and Emma Tobin)
• natural law
  • tradition in ethics — see ethics: natural law tradition
• natural philosophy
  • in the Renaissance
• natural selection (Robert Brandon)
  • units and levels of (Elisabeth Lloyd)
• nature of law (Andrei Marmor)
  • interpretivist theories (Nicos Stavropoulos)
  • legal positivism (Leslie Green)
  • legal realisms
  • natural law theories (John Finnis)
  • pure theory of law (Andrei Marmor)
• Naturphilosophie
• navya-nyāya
• Navya-Nyāya — see Early Modern India, analytic philosophy in
• necessary and sufficient conditions (Andrew Brennan)
• necessary beings
  • and God — see God: and other necessary beings
• necessary truth — see truth: necessary vs. contingent
• negation (Laurence R. Horn)
• Negritude (Souleymane Diagne)
• Neo-Confucianism
• neo-Kantianism (Jeremy Heis)
• Neo-Pythagoreanism
• Neo-Taoism (Alan Chan)
• neologicism
• Neoplatonism (Christian Wildberg)
  • in the Renaissance
• neostoicism
• Neurath, Otto (Jordi Cat)
• neuroscience, philosophy of (John Bickle, Peter Mandik, and Anthony Landreth)
• neutral monism (Leopold Stubenberg)
• Newman, John Henry
• Newton, Isaac (George Smith)
  • Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (George Smith)
  • philosophy (Andrew Janiak)
  • views on space, time, and motion (Robert Rynasiewicz)
• Nicholas of Autrecourt [de Altricuria, Autricuria, Ultricuria, Autricort] (Hans Thijssen)
• Nicolas of Cusa — see Cusanus, Nicolaus
• Nietzsche, Friedrich (Robert Wicks)
  • aesthetics (Daniel Came)
  • moral and political philosophy (Brian Leiter)
• Nishida Kitarô (John Maraldo)
• noema — see Husserl, Edmund
• nominalism
  • in metaphysics (Gonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra)
  • in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: nominalism
  • medieval versions of
• non-naturalism, moral (Michael Ridge)
• nonconceptual content — see mental content: nonconceptual
• nonexistent objects (Maria Reicher)
• nonidentity problem (Melinda Roberts)
• norms of cooperation — see social norms
• Norris, John (June Yang)
• nothingness (Roy Sorensen)
• Novalis [Georg Friedrich Philipp von Hardenberg] (Kristin Gjesdal)
• Numenius (George Karamanolis)
• Nyingmapa [rnying ma pa]

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O [jump to top]

• object (Henry Laycock)
• obligation
  • legal — see legal obligation and authority
• obligationes, medieval theories of (Paul Vincent Spade)
• obligations
  • special (Diane Jeske)
• occasionalism (Sukjae Lee)
• Ockham [Occam], William (Paul Vincent Spade)
• Olivi, Peter John (Robert Pasnau)
• Olympiodorus (Christian Wildberg)
• omnipotence (Joshua Hoffman and Gary Rosenkrantz)
• omnipresence (Edward Wierenga)
• omniscience (Edward Wierenga)
• ontological arguments (Graham Oppy)
• ontological dependence — see dependence, ontological
• ontology
  • and information science
• ontology and ontological commitment (Phillip Bricker)
• operationalism (Hasok Chang)
• ordinary language
• Oresme, Nicole (Stefan Kirschner)
• Origen
• original position (Samuel Freeman)
• Orphism
• Ortega y Gasset, José (Oliver Holmes)
• other minds (Alec Hyslop)
• Otto, Rudolf

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P [jump to top]

• pacifism (Andrew Fiala)
• pain (Murat Aydede)
• Panaetius
• panentheism (John Culp)
• panpsychism (William Seager and Sean Allen-Hermanson)
• pantheism (Michael Levine)
• Paquda, Bayha Ibn — see Ibn Paquda, Bahya
• paradox
  • of analysis — see Frege, Gottlob: puzzle and Moore's paradox of analysis
  • Curry's — see Curry's paradox
  • Fitch's paradox of knowability — see Fitch's paradox of knowability
  • of the liar — see liar paradox
  • Russell's paradox — see Russell's paradox
  • Simpson's paradox — see Simpson's paradox
  • Skolem's (Timothy Bays)
  • St. Petersburg paradox — see St. Petersburg paradox
  • of suspense — see suspense, paradox of
  • Zeno's paradoxes — see Zeno of Elea: Zeno's paradoxes
  • and contemporary logic (Andrea Cantini)
  • epistemic — see epistemic paradoxes
• parenthood and procreation (Tim Bayne and Avery Kolers)
• Parmenides (John Palmer)
• part/whole — see mereology
• particulars — see individuals
• Pascal, Blaise (Desmond Clarke)
• Pascal's wager (Alan Hájek)
• paternalism (Gerald Dworkin)
• patriotism (Igor Primoratz)
• Patristic Philosophy
• Patrizi, Francesco (Fred Purnell)
• Paul of Venice (Alessandro Conti)
• Peano, Giuseppe
• Pearson, Karl
• Peirce, Benjamin (Ivor Grattan-Guinness and Alison Walsh)
• Peirce, Charles Sanders (Robert Burch)
  • logic (Eric Hammer)
  • theory of signs (Albert Atkin)
• Penbygull, William (Alessandro Conti)
• perception
  • auditory (Casey O'Callaghan)
  • the contents of (Susanna Siegel)
  • the disjunctive theory of (Matthew Soteriou)
  • epistemological problems of (Laurence BonJour)
  • motor-based theories of — see motor-based theories of perception and cognition
  • the problem of (Tim Crane)
• perfectionism, in moral and political philosophy (Steven Wall)
• Peripatetics
• persistence — see temporal parts
• personal identity (Eric T. Olson)
  • animalist theory of — see animalism
  • and ethics (David Shoemaker)
• personalism (Thomas D. Williams and Jan Olof Bengtsson)
• persons — see personal identity
• Peter of Ailly — see Pierre d'Ailly
• Peter of Spain [= Petrus Hispanus] (Joke Spruyt)
• Petrizi, Joane (Tengiz Iremadze)
• phenomenology (David Woodruff Smith)
  • aesthetics — see aesthetics: Husserl and phenomenology
• Philip the Chancellor (Colleen McCluskey)
• Philo
• Philodemus (David Blank)
• Philolaus (Carl Huffman)
• Philo of Alexandria
• Philo of Larissa (Charles Brittain)
• Philoponus (Christian Wildberg)
• philosophy of law — see legal philosophy
• philosophy of mind
  • feminist — see feminist (interventions): philosophy of mind
• Philo the Dialectician — see Dialectical School
• physicalism (Daniel Stoljar)
• physical theory, ancient
• physics
  • experiment in (Allan Franklin)
  • holism and nonseparability (Richard Healey)
  • intertheory relations in (Robert Batterman)
  • quantum field theory — see quantum theory: quantum field theory
  • Reichenbach's common cause principle (Frank Arntzenius)
  • structuralism in (Heinz-Juergen Schmidt)
  • symmetry and symmetry breaking (Katherine Brading and Elena Castellani)
• physis and nomos — see Sophists, The
• Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni (Brian Copenhaver)
• Pierre d'Ailly
• pineal gland — see Descartes, René: and the pineal gland
• Plato (Richard Kraut)
  • aesthetics (Nickolas Pappas)
  • Callicles and Thrasymachus (Rachel Barney)
  • Cratylus (David Sedley)
  • ethics (Dorothea Frede)
  • ethics and politics in The Republic (Eric Brown)
  • friendship and eros (C. D. C. Reeve)
  • method and metaphysics in the Sophist and Statesman (Mary Louise Gill)
  • middle period metaphysics and epistemology (Allan Silverman)
  • myths (Catalin Partenie)
  • on knowledge in the Theaetetus (Timothy Chappell)
  • on utopia (Chris Bobonich)
  • Parmenides (Samuel Rickless)
  • rhetoric and poetry (Charles Griswold)
  • shorter ethical works (Paul Woodruff)
  • Timaeus (Donald Zeyl)
• Platonism
  • in metaphysics (Mark Balaguer)
  • in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: Platonism
• pleasure (Leonard D. Katz)
• Plekhanov, Georgy
• Plotinus (Lloyd Gerson)
• pluralism
  • religious — see religious diversity
• plurality of forms — see binarium famosissimum
• plural quantification (Øystein Linnebo)
• plurals in natural language
• Plutarch (George Karamanolis)
• Poggio Bracciolini, Gian Francesco
• Poincaré, Henri
• Polgar, Isaac (Charles Manekin)
• political obligation (Richard Dagger)
• political philosophy
  • ancient (Melissa Lane)
  • history of
  • medieval (John Kilcullen)
• political realism (W. J. Korab-Karpowicz)
• political theory and religion — see religion and political theory
• Pomponazzi, Pietro (Stefano Perfetti)
• Popper, Karl (Stephen Thornton)
• population genetics — see genetics: population
• pornography
  • and censorship (Caroline West)
• Porphyry (Eyjólfur Emilsson)
• Porta, Giambattista della
• Posidonius
• positivism
  • logical — see logical positivism
• possible objects (Takashi Yagisawa)
• possible worlds (Christopher Menzel)
• postmodernism (Gary Aylesworth)
• poverty of the stimulus argument — see innateness: and language
• practical reason (R. Jay Wallace)
  • medieval theories of (Anthony Celano)
  • morality and — see morality and practical reason
  • and the structure of actions (Elijah Millgram)
• pragmatic arguments and belief in God (Jeff Jordan)
• pragmatics (Kepa Korta and John Perry)
  • defaults in — see defaults in semantics and pragmatics
• pragmatism (Christopher Hookway)
• prayer
  • petitionary (Thomas D. Senor and E.J. Coffman)
• predicate calculus — see logic: classical
• predication
• preferences (Sven Ove Hansson and Till Grüne-Yanoff)
  • logic — see logic: preference
• preformationism — see developmental biology: epigenesis and preformationism
• pregnancy, birth, and medicine (Rebecca Kukla and Katherine Wayne)
• prenatal testing and screening — see eugenics
• Presocratic Philosophy (Patricia Curd)
• presupposition (David I. Beaver and Bart Geurts)
• Price, Henry Habberley
• Prichard, Harold Arthur (Jonathan Dancy)
• Priestley, Joseph
• primary and secondary qualities (Justin Broackes)
• Principia Mathematica (A. D. Irvine)
  • notation in (Bernard Linsky)
• principle of sufficient reason (Yitzhak Melamed and Martin Lin)
• Prior, Arthur (B. Jack Copeland)
• prisoner's dilemma (Steven Kuhn)
• privacy (Judith DeCew)
  • and medicine — see ethics, biomedical: privacy and medicine
• private language (Stewart Candlish and George Wrisley)
• probability, interpretations of (Alan Hájek)
• probability logic — see logic: probability
• procedural fairness — see rule of law and procedural fairness
• process philosophy (Nicholas Rescher)
• process theism — see theism: process
• Proclus (Carlos Steel and Christoph Helmig)
• procreation — see parenthood and procreation
• Prodicus — see Sophists, The
• progress (Margaret Meek Lange)
• promises (Allen Habib)
• proof theory (Wilfried Sieg and Sol Feferman)
  • development of (Jan von Plato)
• properties (Chris Swoyer)
  • emergent — see emergent properties
  • essential vs. accidental — see essential vs. accidental properties
• property (Jeremy Waldron)
  • intellectual in information (Ken Himma and Adam Moore)
• prophecy (Scott Davison)
• propositional attitude reports (Thomas McKay and Michael Nelson)
• propositional consequence relations in algebraic logic — see logical consequence: propositional consequence relations and algebraic logic
• propositional function (Edwin Mares)
• propositions (Matthew McGrath)
  • medieval theories of
  • singular (Greg Fitch and Michael Nelson)
  • structured (Jeffrey C. King)
• Protagoras
• Proudhon, Pierre
• providence, divine (Hugh J. McCann)
• Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (Kevin Corrigan and L. Michael Harrington)
• pseudo-science, science and — see science and pseudo-science
• psyche — see soul, ancient theories of
• psychiatry, philosophy of (Dominic Murphy)
• psychologism (Martin Kusch)
• psychology
  • evolutionary (Stephen M. Downes)
  • philosophy of
• public health
  • ethics (Ruth Faden and Sirine Shebaya)
  • international (Dan Wikler)
• publicity (Axel Gosseries)
• public reason (Charles Larmore)
• punishment (Hugo Adam Bedau)
• punishment, legal (Antony Duff)
• Pyrrho (Richard Bett)
• Pyrrhonism — see skepticism: ancient
• Pythagoras (Carl Huffman)
• Pythagoreanism (Carl Huffman)

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Q [jump to top]

• qualia (Michael Tye)
  • inverted (Alex Byrne)
  • knowledge argument (Martine Nida-Rümelin)
• qualities
• qualiton — see tropes
• quantifiers and quantification (Gabriel Uzquiano)
• quantum mechanics (Jenann Ismael)
  • action at a distance in (Joseph Berkovitz)
  • Bell's Theorem — see Bell's Theorem
  • Bohmian mechanics (Sheldon Goldstein)
  • collapse theories (Giancarlo Ghirardi)
  • Copenhagen interpretation of (Jan Faye)
  • Everett's relative-state formulation of (Jeffrey Barrett)
  • Kochen-Specker theorem (Carsten Held)
  • many-worlds interpretation of (Lev Vaidman)
  • modal interpretations of (Michael Dickson and Dennis Dieks)
  • relational (Federico Laudisa and Carlo Rovelli)
  • the role of decoherence in (Guido Bacciagaluppi)
• quantum theory
  • and consciousness (Harald Atmanspacher)
  • the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen argument in (Arthur Fine)
  • identity and individuality in (Steven French)
  • measurement in (Henry Krips)
  • quantum computing (Amit Hagar)
  • quantum entanglement and information (Jeffrey Bub)
  • quantum field theory (Meinard Kuhlmann)
  • quantum gravity (Steven Weinstein)
  • quantum logic and probability theory (Alexander Wilce)
  • uncertainty principle in — see Uncertainty Principle
  • von Neumann vs. Dirac (Fred Kronz)
• Quine, Willard van Orman (Peter Hylton)
  • New Foundations (Thomas Forster)
• quotation (Herman Cappelen and Ernest LePore)

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R [jump to top]

• race (Michael James)
  • and Black identity (Charles Mills)
• race theory, critical
• Radcliffe, Mary Ann
• radical feminism — see feminist (interventions): radical feminism
• Ramsay, Allan — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Ramsey, Frank (Brad Armendt)
• Ramus, Petrus (Erland Sellberg)
• Rand, Ayn (Neera Badhwar and Roderick Long)
• randomness
  • versus chance — see chance: versus randomness
• Rashdall, Hastings
• rational agency
  • logic and — see logic: and rational agency
• rationalism vs. empiricism (Peter Markie)
• rationality
  • Bayesian — see epistemology: Bayesian
  • bounded
  • and the growth of scientific knowledge (John Worrall)
  • historicist theories of (Carl Matheson)
  • instrumental (Niko Kolodny)
  • interactive and foundations of game theory — see game theory: interactive rationality and foundations of
• Rawls, John (Leif Wenar)
• realism (Alexander Miller)
  • moral — see moral realism
  • political — see political realism
  • scientific — see scientific realism
  • semantic challenges to (Drew Khlentzos)
  • structural — see structural realism
• reasoning
  • automated (Frederic Portoraro)
  • by analogy — see analogy and analogical reasoning
  • defeasible (Robert Koons)
  • moral (Henry S. Richardson)
• reasons for action
  • agent-neutral vs. agent-relative (Michael Ridge)
  • internal vs. external (Stephen Finlay and Mark Schroeder)
  • justification vs. explanation (James Lenman)
• recognition
• recursive function — see function: recursive
• redistribution (Christian Barry)
• reduction, scientific
  • in biology (Ingo Brigandt and Alan Love)
  • in physics — see physics: intertheory relations in
• reference (Marga Reimer)
• reflective equilibrium (Norman Daniels)
• Regius, Henricus (Desmond Clarke)
• Rehberg, August Wilhelm (Fred Beiser)
• Reichenbach, Hans (Clark Glymour and Frederick Eberhardt)
• Reid, Thomas (Gideon Yaffe and Ryan Nichols)
  • ethics and aesthetics (Terence Cuneo)
  • on memory and personal identity (Rebecca Copenhaver)
• Reinach, Adolf (James DuBois and Barry Smith)
• Reinhold, Karl Leonhard (Dan Breazeale)
• reism (Jan Woleński)
• relations — see properties
  • internal vs. external
  • medieval theories of (Jeffrey Brower)
• relativism (Chris Swoyer)
  • moral — see moral relativism
• relaton — see tropes
• reliabilism (Alvin Goldman)
• religion
  • epistemology of (Peter Forrest)
  • feminist philosophy of — see feminist (interventions): philosophy of religion
  • and morality (John Hare)
  • philosophy of (Charles Taliaferro)
  • and science (Alvin Plantinga)
• religion, phenomenology of (Mark Wynn)
• religion and political theory (Chris Eberle and Terence Cuneo)
• religious diversity (David Basinger)
• religious experience
• religious language
• Renouvier, Charles
• reparations, Black (Bernard Boxill)
• replication (David Hull and John S. Wilkins)
• representation, political (Suzanne Dovi)
• reproductive technologies
• republicanism (Frank Lovett)
• repugnant conclusion, the (Jesper Ryberg, Torbjörn Tännsjö, and Gustaf Arrhenius)
• respect (Robin S. Dillon)
• responsibility
  • collective (Marion Smiley)
• restitution, legal principles of
• revelation, divine
• rhetoric
• Richard the Sophister [Ricardus Sophista, Magister abstractionum] (Paul Streveler)
• Rickert, Heinrich (R. Lanier Anderson)
• Ricoeur, Paul (Bernard Dauenhauer)
• Riehl, Alois
• rights (Leif Wenar)
  • of children (David William Archard)
  • civil — see civil rights
  • group (Peter Jones)
  • human (James Nickel)
  • legal — see legal rights
• rigid designators (Joseph LaPorte)
• risk (Sven Ove Hansson)
• Robinson, Mary Darby
• role obligations — see obligations: special
• Rorty, Richard (Bjørn Ramberg)
• Roscelin
• Rosenkranz, Karl
• Rosenstock-Huessy, Eugen (Wayne Cristaudo)
• Rosenzweig, Franz (Benjamin Pollock)
• Rosmini, Antonio (Denis Cleary)
• Ross, William David (Anthony Skelton)
• Rousseau, Jean Jacques (Christopher Bertram)
  • moral and political philosophy
• Royce, Josiah (Kelly A. Parker)
• Royer-Collard, Pierre
• Rufus, Richard — see Richard the Sophister
• Ruge, Arnold
• rule consequentialism — see consequentialism: rule
• rule of law and procedural fairness
• Russell, Bertrand (A. D. Irvine)
  • logical atomism — see logical atomism: Russell's
  • moral philosophy (Charles Pigden)
• Russell's paradox (A. D. Irvine)
• Ryle, Gilbert (Julia Tanney)

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S [jump to top]

• Saadya [Saadiah] (Sarah Pessin)
• Śāntarakṣita (James Blumenthal)
• Sakyapa [sa skya pa]
• Sakya Pandita [sa skya paN Di ta]
• Santayana, George (Herman Saatkamp)
• Sartre, Jean-Paul (Thomas Flynn)
• Saussure, Ferdinand
• scepticism — see skepticism
• Scheler, Max (Angelika Sander)
• Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von (Andrew Bowie)
• schema (John Corcoran)
• Schiller, Friedrich
• Schlegel, August Wilhelm von (Katia D. Hay)
• Schlegel, Friedrich (Allen Speight)
• Schleiermacher, Friedrich Daniel Ernst (Michael Forster)
• Schlick, Moritz
• Schmitt, Carl (Lars Vinx)
• Scholem, Gershom (Shaul Magid)
• School of Names (Chris Fraser)
• Schopenhauer, Arthur (Robert Wicks)
  • aesthetics (Alex Neill)
• Schulze, Gottlob Ernst
• Schurman, Anna Maria van
• Schutz, Alfred (Michael Barber)
• science
  • theory and observation in (Jim Bogen)
• science, models in — see models in science
• science, philosophy of
• science and pseudo-science (Sven Ove Hansson)
• scientific discovery
• scientific explanation (James Woodward)
• scientific instruments
• scientific knowledge
  • social dimensions of (Helen Longino)
• scientific method
• scientific progress (Ilkka Niiniluoto)
• scientific realism (Richard Boyd)
• scientific revolutions (Thomas Nickles)
• scientific theories
  • incommensurability of — see incommensurability: of scientific theories
  • structure of
  • underdetermination of — see underdetermination, of scientific theories
• scientific unity (Jordi Cat)
• Scottish Philosophy
  • in the 18th Century (Alexander Broadie)
  • in the 19th century (Gordon Graham)
• Scottus [Scotus] Eriugena [Erigena], John — see Eriugena, John Scottus
• Scotus, John Duns — see Duns Scotus, John
• Scudéry, Madeleine de
• search engines and ethics
• Sebond, Raymond — see Montaigne, Michel de
• secession (Allen Buchanan)
• secondary qualities — see primary and secondary qualities
• self
  • the biological notion of (Alfred Tauber)
  • feminist perspectives on the — see feminist (topics): perspectives on the self
  • knowledge — see self-knowledge
• self-consciousness
  • empirical approaches to
  • phenomenological approaches to (Shaun Gallagher and Dan Zahavi)
• self-deception (Ian Deweese-Boyd)
  • collective
• self-determination, collective
• self-knowledge (Brie Gertler)
• self-reference (Thomas Bolander)
• self-respect — see respect
• Sellars, Wilfrid (Jay Rosenberg)
• semantic holism — see meaning holism
• semantics
  • defaults in — see defaults in semantics and pragmatics
  • dynamic (Jan van Eijck and Albert Visser)
  • formal
  • Montague (Theo Janssen)
  • proof-theoretic (Peter Schroeder-Heister)
  • two-dimensional (Laura Schroeter)
• semiotics
  • medieval (Stephan Meier-Oeser)
• Seneca (Katja Vogt)
• sense-data (Michael Huemer)
• sensibility theory — see fitting attitude theories of value
• set theory (Thomas Jech)
  • alternative axiomatic theories (M. Randall Holmes)
  • constructive and Intuitionistic ZF (Laura Crosilla)
  • continuum hypothesis — see Continuum Hypothesis, The
  • development of axiomatic (Michael Hallett)
  • early development (José Ferreirós)
  • independence and large cardinals (Peter Koellner)
  • large cardinals and determinacy (Peter Koellner)
  • non-wellfounded (Lawrence S. Moss)
• Sextus Empiricus (Benjamin Morison)
• sexuality
  • feminist perspectives on — see feminist (topics): perspectives on sexuality
• Shaftesbury, Lord [Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of] (Michael B. Gill)
  • theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
• Sharpe, Johannes (Alessandro Conti)
• Shestov, Lyov
• Sidgwick, Henry (Barton Schultz)
• Siger of Brabant
• Simon of Faversham (John Longeway)
• simplicity (Alan Baker)
  • divine (William F. Vallicella)
• Simplicius (Christian Wildberg)
• Simpson's paradox (Gary Malinas and John Bigelow)
• sin
• singular terms
  • medieval theories of (E. Jennifer Ashworth)
• situations
  • in natural language semantics (Angelika Kratzer)
• skepticism (Peter Klein)
  • ancient (Leo Groarke)
  • brains in a vat — see brains in a vat
  • medieval (Charles Bolyard)
  • moral (Walter Sinnott-Armstrong)
• Skolem's paradox — see paradox: Skolem's
• Smith, Adam — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
  • moral philosophy (Kate Abramson)
• Smith, John — see Cambridge Platonists
• social choice theory (Christian List)
• social construction
  • naturalistic approaches to (Ron Mallon)
• social contract — see contractarianism
  • contemporary approaches to (Fred D'Agostino and Gerald Gaus)
• social democracy
• social institutions (Seumas Miller)
• socialism (Andrew Chitty)
• social minimum [basic income] (Stuart White)
• social norms (Cristina Bicchieri and Ryan Muldoon)
• social software
• sociobiology (Harmon Holcomb and Jason Byron)
• Socrates (Debra Nails)
• Socratic Dialogues
• Socratic Schools
• Soloveitchik, Joseph
• Solovyov, Vladimir
• sophismata [= sophisms] (Fabienne Pironet and Joke Spruyt)
• Sophists, The
• Sorites paradox (Dominic Hyde)
• sortals (Richard E. Grandy)
• soul, ancient theories of (Hendrik Lorenz)
• sounds (Roberto Casati and Jerome Dokic)
• sovereignty (Dan Philpott)
• space and time
  • absolute and relational theories of space and motion (Nick Huggett and Carl Hoefer)
  • being and becoming in modern physics (Steven Savitt)
  • conventionality of simultaneity (Allen Janis)
  • the hole argument (John D. Norton)
  • inertial frames (Robert DiSalle)
  • Malament-Hogarth spacetimes and the new computability
  • singularities and black holes (Erik Curiel and Peter Bokulich)
  • supertasks (Jon Pérez Laraudogoitia)
• species (Marc Ereshefsky)
• speech acts (Mitchell Green)
• Spencer, Herbert (David Weinstein)
• Speusippus (Russell Dancy)
• Spinoza, Baruch (Steven Nadler)
  • modal metaphysics (Samuel Newlands)
  • physical theory (Richard Manning)
  • political philosophy (Justin Steinberg)
  • psychological theory (Michael LeBuffe)
  • theory of attributes (Noa Shein)
  • theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
• Spir, Afrikan
• square of opposition (Terence Parsons)
• Śrīharṣa
• Śrīharśa (Parimal Patil)
• St. Petersburg paradox (Robert Martin)
• Stanton, Elizabeth Cady
• states of affairs (Thomas Wetzel)
• statistical physics
  • Boltzmann's work in (Jos Uffink)
  • philosophy of statistical mechanics (Lawrence Sklar)
• Stein, Edith
• stem cell research, ethics of — see ethics, biomedical: stem cell research
• Sterry, Peter — see Cambridge Platonists
• Stevenson, Charles Leslie (Dan Boisvert)
• Stewart, Dugald — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Stirner, Max (David Leopold)
• Stoicism (Dirk Baltzly)
• Strato of Lampsacus — see Peripatetics
• Strauss, David Friedrich
• Strauss, Leo (Leora Batnitzky)
• Strawson, Peter Frederick (Paul Snowdon)
• structuralism
  • in mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: structuralism
  • in physics — see physics: structuralism in
• structural realism (James Ladyman)
• Stumpf, Carl (Denis Fisette)
• style
  • in mathematics (Paolo Mancosu)
• Suárez, Francisco (Martin Stone)
• substance (Howard Robinson)
• substructural logics — see logic: substructural
• Suchon, Gabrielle
• Suhrawardi (Roxanne Marcotte)
• suicide (Michael Cholbi)
• supererogation (David Heyd)
• supervaluations
• supervenience (Brian McLaughlin and Karen Bennett)
  • and value
• surrogate decision-making for incompetent individuals — see advance directives
• suspense, paradox of (Aaron Smuts)
• syllogism
  • medieval theories of (Henrik Lagerlund)
• symmetry and symmetry breaking — see physics: symmetry and symmetry breaking
• syncategorematic words [= syncategoremata]
• synthetic — see analytic/synthetic distinction
• Syrianus (Christian Wildberg)

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T [jump to top]

• Taoism (Chad Hansen)
  • Neo-Taoism — see Neo-Taoism
• Tarabotti, Arcangela
• Tarski, Alfred (Mario Gómez-Torrente)
  • truth definitions (Wilfrid Hodges)
• techne — see episteme and techne
• technology, philosophy of (Maarten Franssen, Gert-Jan Lokhorst, and Ibo van de Poel)
• Teichmüller, Gustav
• teleology
  • teleological arguments for God's existence (Del Ratzsch)
  • teleological notions in biology (Colin Allen)
  • teleological theories of mental content — see mental content: teleological theories of
• Telesio, Bernardino (Michaela Boenke)
• temporal consciousness — see consciousness: temporal
• temporal parts (Katherine Hawley)
• Tennemann, Gottlieb
• tense and aspect (Mark Steedman)
• terms, properties of
  • medieval theories of (Stephen Read)
• terrorism (Igor Primoratz)
• testimony
  • epistemological problems of (Jonathan Adler)
• Thales
• theism
  • process (Donald Viney)
• Themistius
• theology
  • natural (Andrew Chignell)
• Theology of Aristotle (Peter Adamson)
• Theophrastus
• Thomas of Erfurt (Jack Zupko)
• Thoreau, Henry David (Rick Anthony Furtak)
• thought experiments (James Robert Brown)
• Thrasymachus — see Plato: Callicles and Thrasymachus
• Thucydides
• Tibbon, Samuel Ibn (James T. Robinson)
• Tibetan epistemology and theory of Language (Pascale Hugon)
• Tibetan hermeneutics
• time (Ned Markosian)
  • being and becoming in modern physics — see space and time: being and becoming in modern physics
  • the experience and perception of (Robin Le Poidevin)
  • thermodynamic asymmetry in (Craig Callender)
• time machines (John Earman and Christian Wüthrich)
• time travel (Peter Vranas)
  • and modern physics (Frank Arntzenius and Tim Maudlin)
• Timon of Phlius (Richard Bett)
• toleration (Rainer Forst)
• tort law, theories of (Jules Coleman)
• torture (Seumas Miller)
• transcendental arguments (Robert Stern)
  • Kant — see Kant, Immanuel: transcendental arguments
• transcendentalism (Russell Goodman)
• transcendental philosophy
• transcendentals
• trans issues, feminist perspectives on — see feminist (topics): perspectives on trans issues
• transworld identity — see identity: transworld
• Trapezuntius, Georgius [George of Trebizond]
• Trendelenburg, Adolf
• trinity (Dale Tuggy)
• tropes (John Bacon)
• trust (Carolyn McLeod)
• truth (Michael Glanzberg)
  • axiomatic theories of (Volker Halbach)
  • coherence theory of (James O. Young)
  • correspondence theory of (Marian David)
  • deflationary theory of (Daniel Stoljar and Nic Damnjanovic)
  • identity theory of (Stewart Candlish)
  • necessary vs. contingent
  • pluralist theories of (Nikolaj Jang Pedersen and Cory Wright)
  • revision theory of (Philip Kremer)
  • Tarski's theory of truth — see Tarski, Alfred: truth definitions
• truthlikeness (Graham Oddie)
• truthmakers (Fraser MacBride)
• truth values (Yaroslav Shramko and Heinrich Wansing)
• Tsongkhapa
• Turing, Alan (Andrew Hodges)
• Turing machines (David Barker-Plummer)
• Turing test (Graham Oppy and David Dowe)
• Turnbull, George — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Twardowski, Kazimierz (Arianna Betti)
• two truths in India, theory of (Sonam Thakchoe)
• two truths in Tibet, theory of (Sonam Thakchoe)
• types and tokens (Linda Wetzel)
• type theory (Thierry Coquand)
  • Church's type theory (Peter Andrews)
  • constructive

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U [jump to top]

• Überweg, Friedrich
• Umar Khayyam (Glen Van Brummelen)
• Uncertainty Principle (Jan Hilgevoord and Jos Uffink)
• underdetermination, of scientific theories (Kyle Stanford)
• unity of science — see scientific unity
• universal hylomorphism — see binarium famosissimum
• universals — see properties
  • the medieval problem of (Gyula Klima)
• utilitarianism — see consequentialism
  • history of (Julia Driver)
  • rule — see consequentialism: rule
• utopia, utopianism

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V [jump to top]

• vagueness (Roy Sorensen)
• vagueness of composition — see many, problem of
• Vaihinger, Hans (Juergen Klein)
• validity — see logical truth
• Valla, Lorenzo (Lodi Nauta)
• value
  • incommensurable (Nien-hê Hsieh)
  • intrinsic vs. extrinsic (Michael J. Zimmerman)
  • of knowledge — see knowledge, value of
  • pluralism (Elinor Mason)
• value theory (Mark Schroeder)
• Vasubandhu (Jonathan C. Gold)
• veil of ignorance — see original position
• verbs, intensional transitive — see intensional transitive verbs
• verificationism
• verisimilitude — see truthlikeness
• Vico, Giambattista (Timothy Costelloe)
• Vienna Circle (Thomas Uebel)
• virtue
  • ancient theories of — see ethics: ancient
  • medieval theories of
• virtue ethics — see ethics: virtue
• Viterbo, James of — see James of Viterbo
• Vives, Juan Luis (Lorenzo Casini)
• volition — see free will
• Voltaire (JB Shank)
• voluntarism, theological (Mark Murphy)
• von Pufendorf, Samuel Freiherr
  • moral and political philosophy (Michael Seidler)
• voting (Gerry Mackie)
  • methods (Eric Pacuit)

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W [jump to top]

• Wang Yangming
• war (Brian Orend)
• Ward, James (Pierfrancesco Basile)
• Watsuji Tetsurô (Robert Carter)
• weakness of will (Sarah Stroud)
• Weber, Max (Sung Ho Kim)
• Weil, Simone
• well-being (Roger Crisp)
• Weyl, Hermann (John L. Bell)
• Wheeler, Anna Doyle
• Whewell, William (Laura J. Snyder)
• Whichcote, Benjamin — see Cambridge Platonists
• Whitehead, Alfred North (A. D. Irvine)
• Wieland, Christoph Wilhelm
• William of Auvergne (Neil Lewis)
• William of Champeaux (Kevin Guilfoy)
• William of Ockham — see Ockham, William
• William of Sherwood
• Williams, Bernard (Timothy Chappell)
• Williams, Donald Cary
• Wilson, John Cook (Mathieu Marion)
• Windelband, Wilhelm (R. Lanier Anderson)
• wisdom (Sharon Ryan)
• Wittgenstein, Ludwig (Anat Biletzki and Anat Matar)
  • aesthetics (Garry Hagberg)
  • logical atomism (Ian Proops)
  • philosophy of mathematics (Victor Rodych)
• Wodeham, Adam
• Wolff, Christian (Matt Hettche)
• Wollstonecraft, Mary (Sylvana Tomaselli)
• Woodger, Joseph Henry
• world government (Catherine Lu)
• worlds
  • impossible — see impossible worlds
  • possible — see possible worlds
• Wright, Chauncey (Jean De Groot)
• Wright, Francis
• Wundt, Wilhelm Maximilian (Alan Kim)
• Wyclif, John (Alessandro Conti)
  • political Philosophy (Stephen Lahey)

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X [jump to top]

• Xenocrates (Russell Dancy)
• Xenophanes (James Lesher)
• Xenophon
• Xunzi (Dan Robins)

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Y [jump to top]

• Yogācāra (Dan Lusthaus)
• Yoruba Philosophy
  • epistemology
  • ethics and aesthetics
• Yusuf Has Hajib [Kutadgu Bilig]

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Z [jump to top]

• Zabarella, Giacomo (Heikki Mikkeli)
• Zeller, Eduard
• Zeno of Citium
• Zeno of Elea (John Palmer)
  • Zeno's paradoxes (Nick Huggett)
• Zhuangzi (Harold Roth)
• Zhu Xi
• zombies (Robert Kirk)